{
 "campaign": "UN for Men Too",
 "site": "https://unformentoo.org/",
 "by": [
  "Manderådet (Denmark)",
  "MannsForum (Norway)"
 ],
 "note": "Every entry carries its own primary source. Figures are stated with their scope: which survey, which year, which population. The refused list is claims we checked and will not make; it is published for the same reason the facts are.",
 "license": "Use the figures freely. Check them first, then cite the primary source rather than us.",
 "counts": {
  "facts": 224,
  "refused": 122
 },
 "facts": [
  {
   "id": "reg-001",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "No UN entity for men and boys exists",
   "figure": "0, verified against the UN system directory, Aug 2026",
   "source": "UN.org. UN system",
   "url": "https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-system"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-002",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "UN Women contributions",
   "figure": "USD 594.4M (2024, +5.6%); USD 562.9M (2023)",
   "source": "UN Women annual report 2024–25",
   "url": "https://www.unwomen.org/en/annual-report/2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-003",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "13 UN days for women and girls, 0 for men and boys",
   "figure": "13 : 0 (list fetched live 14 Aug 2026)",
   "source": "UN. List of International Days",
   "url": "https://www.un.org/en/observances/list-days-weeks"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-004",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "19 November at the UN is World Toilet Day",
   "figure": "A/RES/67/291; International Men's Day not listed",
   "source": "UN. List of International Days",
   "url": "https://www.un.org/en/observances/list-days-weeks"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-005",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Aid marked for gender equality",
   "figure": "USD 70.8bn/yr avg 2023–24 = 48.2% of screened bilateral ODA; USD 6.0bn principal",
   "source": "OECD DAC gender marker (compiled by Focus 2030)",
   "url": "https://focus2030.org/en/which-countries-support-gender-equality-in-their-official-development-assistance/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-006",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "…and that flow is now falling",
   "figure": "−13% from 2023 to 2024",
   "source": "OECD blog, 12 Mar 2026",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/blogs/2026/03/oda-for-gender-equality-is-plummeting--How-can-we-protect-it.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-007",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Spotlight Initiative seed funding",
   "figure": "EUR 500M initial EU investment (2017)",
   "source": "UN. Spotlight Initiative",
   "url": "https://www.un.org/en/spotlight-initiative/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-008",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "EIGE annual budget",
   "figure": "EUR 9.43M (2024)",
   "source": "EIGE final annual accounts 2024",
   "url": "https://eige.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/eige-final-annual-accounts-financial-year-2024.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-009",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "European Women's Lobby scale",
   "figure": "2,000+ member organisations (EWL's own count; founded 1990)",
   "source": "EWL. About us",
   "url": "https://womenlobby.org/about-us/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-010",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "EWL funded by EU operating grants",
   "figure": "2026 operating grant under the CERV programme (CERV 2025-OG-SGA), EC DG Justice via EACEA",
   "source": "EWL. Financial support to third parties 2026",
   "url": "https://womenlobby.org/financial-support-to-third-parties-fstp-2026/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-011",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "SDG 5 framing; framework size",
   "figure": "9 targets, 14 indicators; 234 unique indicators (2025 revision)",
   "source": "UN Statistics Division",
   "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-012",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "CEDAW and its protocol; no men's convention",
   "figure": "Adopted 1979 (189 states parties); protocol adopted 1999, in force 2000",
   "source": "UN Treaty Collection, ch. IV",
   "url": "https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx?id=4&subid=A&clang=_en"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-013",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Istanbul Convention monitored by GREVIO",
   "figure": "CETS 210 (2011), Art. 66",
   "source": "Treaty text (EUR-Lex)",
   "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A22023A0602%2801%29"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-014",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Male suicide rate vs female",
   "figure": "12.4 vs 5.9 per 100k = 2.1× (global, 2021, crude rates); 3.1× high-income (crude); 3.8× US (2023)",
   "source": "WHO GHO · CDC NCHS brief 541",
   "url": "https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/crude-suicide-rates-(per-100-000-population)"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-015",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Men as share of homicide victims",
   "figure": "81% of victims; male rate 9.3 vs 2.2 per 100k; ~⅔ of intimate-partner victims are women",
   "source": "UNODC Global Study on Homicide 2023",
   "url": "https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/gsh/2023/Global_study_on_homicide_2023_web.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-016",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "EU workplace deaths",
   "figure": "3,106 of 3,321 fatal accidents = 93.5% men (2023); rate 2.88 vs 0.22 per 100k = 13×",
   "source": "Eurostat hsw_mi08",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/hsw_mi08/default/table?lang=en"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-017",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Life-expectancy gap",
   "figure": "5.1 yrs global (WHO 2021); 5.2 yrs EU (Eurostat 2024); EU healthy-years gap ≈0.5 yrs",
   "source": "WHO GHO · Eurostat demo_mlexpec",
   "url": "https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/life-expectancy-at-birth-(years)"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-018",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "US bachelor's degrees, men per 100 women",
   "figure": "71 (835,316 vs 1,179,719, 2021–22)",
   "source": "NCES Digest, table 318.10",
   "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d23/tables/dt23_318.10.asp"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-019",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Boys behind girls in reading at age ten",
   "figure": "Girls ahead in 51 of 57 countries at fourth grade, average gap 19 points (2021)",
   "source": "IEA PIRLS 2021",
   "url": "https://pirls2021.org/results/achievement/by-gender/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-020",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Father involvement and child outcomes",
   "figure": "22 of 24 longitudinal publications positive (16 SES-controlled)",
   "source": "Sarkadi et al. 2008, Acta Paediatrica",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-021",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Paternal depression around the birth",
   "figure": "10.4% prenatal and postpartum (43 studies, 28,004 participants)",
   "source": "Paulson and Bazemore 2010, JAMA",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.605"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-022",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Iceland's father month and divorce",
   "figure": "6.5 to 8.2 percentage points less divorce, causal design",
   "source": "Olafsson and Steingrimsdottir 2020, Economic Journal",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa009"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-023",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Norway's 1993 father quota and conflict",
   "figure": "11% less parental conflict, quasi-experimental",
   "source": "Kotsadam and Finseraas 2011, Social Science Research",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.06.011"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-024",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Fathers in the SDG indicator framework",
   "figure": "0 mentions of father or paternity in 234 indicators",
   "source": "UN Stats, global indicator framework",
   "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global-Indicator-Framework-after-2026-refinement_Eng.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-025",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Paternity leave in world labour standards",
   "figure": "no ILO convention; maternity avg 24.7 weeks vs paternity 2.2",
   "source": "ILO 2022, Care at Work",
   "url": "https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_838653.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-026",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "EU tertiary attainment gap, 25–34",
   "figure": "Women 49.6% vs men 38.3% = 11.3 pp (2024); 4.3 pp in 2002",
   "source": "Eurostat edat_lfse_03 · SDG 5 monitoring",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=SDG_5_-_Gender_equality"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-027",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Norway's Mannsutvalget",
   "figure": "Appointed 26 Aug 2022; NOU 2024:8 delivered 24 Apr 2024; 35 measures; white paper due Nov 2026",
   "source": "Regjeringen.no",
   "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2024-8/id3035815/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-028",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "England's men's health strategy",
   "figure": "Published 19 Nov 2025; £3.6M over 3 years for suicide prevention",
   "source": "GOV.UK",
   "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mens-health-strategy-for-england"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-029",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Ireland world-first men's health policy",
   "figure": "2008–2013; Brazil 2009 (PNAISH); Australia followed 2010, strategy 2020–2030",
   "source": "Dept of Health (IE) · health.gov.au",
   "url": "https://www.mhfi.org/menshealthpolicy.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-030",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "French Gates fund for boys-and-men work",
   "figure": "USD 20M fund to Richard Reeves (2024), of a USD 1bn commitment to women and families",
   "source": "Pivotal announcement",
   "url": "https://www.pivotal.com/articles/melinda-french-gates-announces-1billlion-commitment-to-advance-women-globally"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-031",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Male suicides worldwide, 2021",
   "figure": "493,456 men of 727,043 total (67.9%); about 56 per hour",
   "source": "WHO Global Health Estimates 2021",
   "url": "https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-032",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Homicide pace, 2021",
   "figure": "458,000 victims; 52 per hour; 81% male victims; ~90% male suspects",
   "source": "UNODC (UNIS press release)",
   "url": "https://unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2023/uniscp1165.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-033",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Partner-and-family homicide deaths, 2021",
   "figure": "~85,000 worldwide (derived: ~45,000 women and girls + ~11% of male victims)",
   "source": "UNODC / UN Women femicide brief",
   "url": "https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/briefs/Femicide_brief_Nov2022.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-034",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Norway 2021: male suicides vs partner/family homicide",
   "figure": "482 male suicides (FHI Dødsårsaksregisteret; 482 + 176 = the 658 FHI publishes); 12 partner-or-family victims among 29 victims in 23 cases (Kripos, Nasjonal drapsoversikt 2021, politiet.no)",
   "source": "FHI · Kripos",
   "url": "https://www.fhi.no/op/dodsarsaksregisteret/tall-fra-dodsarsaksregisteret-2021/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-035",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Ribic v. Croatia: contact enforcement failure",
   "figure": "3 meetings with his son before age 18; proceedings and enforcement totalling 13 years 11 months; Article 8 violation",
   "source": "ECtHR, no. 27148/12, 2 April 2015",
   "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-153315"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-036",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Reading gap, PISA 2022",
   "figure": "girls ahead of boys by 24 score points, OECD average; 31% of boys vs 22% of girls below Level 2",
   "source": "OECD, PISA 2022 Results Volume I",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i_53f23881-en/full-report/executive-summary_077a9867.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-037",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Reading gap at fourth grade, PIRLS 2021",
   "figure": "girls ahead in 51 of 57 countries, average 19 points; no country where boys lead significantly",
   "source": "IEA, PIRLS 2021 International Results in Reading",
   "url": "https://www.iea.nl/sites/default/files/2023-05/IEA-Press-Release-PIRLS2021-16-May-2023.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-038",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Upper secondary enrolment gaps by direction",
   "figure": "73 countries where the gap runs against boys, 48 where it runs against girls",
   "source": "UNESCO 2022, Leave no child behind",
   "url": "https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381105"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-039",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Blind versus non-blind grading",
   "figure": "boys score relatively higher when the marker cannot see the name; 9 of 9 subjects in Israel, 0.32 SD swing in French grade 6 maths",
   "source": "Lavy 2008 (JPubE); Terrier 2020 (EER); full set on the education page",
   "url": "https://unformentoo.org/education.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-040",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Court custody outcomes by parent sex",
   "figure": "not published as official statistics in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, England and Wales; proof country by country on the family law page",
   "source": "The paper wall, section 02",
   "url": "https://unformentoo.org/familylaw.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-041",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Separated/divorced men's suicide odds",
   "figure": "Divorced men OR 2.82 vs married; separated men OR 4.82; separated under 35 over 8x (75 studies, 30 countries, 29 meta-analyzed); risk greatest in the immediate aftermath, 13.20x in the 30 days after a separation is lodged (Naess 2021, cited within)",
   "source": "Wilson et al. 2025, Psychological Bulletin",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000482"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-042",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "States' Article 8 duty to enforce parent-child contact",
   "figure": "Violations found incl. Ribić v. Croatia (2015), Strumia v. Italy (2016), Kuppinger v. Germany (2015)",
   "source": "ECtHR (HUDOC)",
   "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-153315"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-043",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Child support owed despite child kept from father in breach of settlement",
   "figure": "HR-2024-1686-A, 23 Sep 2024, unanimous",
   "source": "Norges Høyesterett",
   "url": "https://www.domstol.no/no/hoyesterett/avgjorelser/avgjorelser-2024/hoyesterett---sivil/HR-2024-1686-A"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-044",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Refuge bedspaces in England, May 2024",
   "figure": "33 dedicated to men vs 4,551 for women (Routes to Support census)",
   "source": "Women's Aid Annual Audit 2025",
   "url": "https://www.womensaid.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Annual-Audit-2025.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-045",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Male shelter access in the Nordics",
   "figure": "Norway: statutory since 2010, 308 of 1,008 beds; Denmark: equal-access law passed 4 Apr 2024",
   "source": "Bufdir · Mandecentret",
   "url": "https://www.bufdir.no/statistikk-og-analyse/krisesentrene/menn-krisesenter/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-046",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Male domestic-abuse victims (context for the above)",
   "figure": "England & Wales yr to Mar 2025: 1.5M men (6.5%) and 2.2M women (9.1%); women bear more severe, repeated abuse",
   "source": "ONS",
   "url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/domesticabusevictimcharacteristicsenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-047",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Chiswick Women's Aid. Britain's first women's refuge",
   "figure": "founded 1971 by Erin Pizzey",
   "source": "BBC News (2021)",
   "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-59064064"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-048",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "After 'Prone to Violence' (1982): death threats, police protection, left Britain",
   "figure": "as reported 1997",
   "source": "The Independent (1997)",
   "url": "https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/battered-erin-pizzey-yes-a-bit-1272122.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-049",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Toronto 2012: doors barricaded at Warren Farrell lecture; police cordon; one arrest",
   "figure": "16 Nov 2012; ~100 protesters",
   "source": "The Varsity · Maclean's",
   "url": "https://thevarsity.ca/2012/11/17/arrest-assaults-overshadow-mens-issues-lecture/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-050",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Farrell served on the board of NOW's New York City chapter",
   "figure": "three terms, early 1970s",
   "source": "The Baltimore Sun (1993)",
   "url": "https://www.baltimoresun.com/1993/08/12/warren-farrell-former-feminist-says-men-are-oppressed/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-051",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "University of York withdrew its International Men's Day plan after a protest letter",
   "figure": "Nov 2015; ~200-signature letter; 1,000+ counter-petition",
   "source": "BBC News",
   "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-34857143"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-052",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Movember funding for men's health",
   "figure": "more than AUD 1.8bn funded since 2003 (≈ US$1.2bn; its own reporting)",
   "source": "Movember. About us",
   "url": "https://movember.com/about-us"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-053",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "US 'deaths of despair' are mostly male",
   "figure": "nearly three in four (suicide, overdose, alcohol)",
   "source": "AIBM. Rachel Kleinfeld",
   "url": "https://aibm.org/commentary/to-save-democracy-help-men/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-054",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Women among UN permanent representatives",
   "figure": "7% of 2,800+ since 1947; ~21% in 2024",
   "source": "GWL Voices. Women in Multilateralism",
   "url": "https://www.gwlvoices.org/actions/report-reveals-systematic-underrepresentation-of-women-ambassadors-at-united-nations"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-055",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Norway's support to UN Women and UNFPA",
   "figure": "NOK 100.3M + 589.6M ≈ NOK 690M for 2026, unchanged from 2024–25",
   "source": "Regjeringen.no (MFA)",
   "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/en/whats-new/norway-supports-the-fight-for-womens-rights-with-nearly-nok-700-million/id3159761/"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-056",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "UN Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity exists",
   "figure": "Mandate created by Human Rights Council resolution 32/2 (adopted 30 June 2016)",
   "source": "UN. A/HRC/RES/32/2",
   "url": "https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/RES/32/2"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-057",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Violence against women (conceded context)",
   "figure": "≈1 in 3 (31.6%; ~840M women), partner or non-partner sexual violence; 2023 estimates",
   "source": "WHO",
   "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-058",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Maternal deaths (conceded context)",
   "figure": "700+ per day in 2023 (~260,000 in the year)",
   "source": "WHO fact sheet",
   "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-059",
   "page": "index.html",
   "topic": "The main argument",
   "claim": "Child marriage (conceded context)",
   "figure": "~12 million girls married before 18 each year",
   "source": "UNICEF",
   "url": "https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/global-polycrisis-creating-uphill-battle-end-child-marriage-unicef"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-060",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The child's mind",
   "claim": "In a systematic review of 24 longitudinal publications, 22 found positive effects of father involvement, and active father engagement was linked to fewer behaviour problems in boys and fewer psychological problems in young women.",
   "figure": "22 of 24 studies",
   "detail": "Sarkadi et al.'s systematic review in Acta Paediatrica covered 24 longitudinal publications drawn from 16 studies; 22 of 24 reported positive effects of some form of father involvement, and 16 controlled for socioeconomic status. The differential finding on boys' behaviour and young women's psychological problems concerns active engagement specifically, the form of involvement the review's conclusions single out, though the authors do not rank forms of involvement by effectiveness. Longitudinal design, so association over time, not proof of causation.",
   "quote": "Father engagement seems to have differential effects on desirable outcomes by reducing the frequency of behavioural problems in boys and psychological problems in young women.",
   "source": "Sarkadi A, Kristiansson R, Oberklaid F, Bremberg S (2008). Fathers' involvement and children's developmental outcomes: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Acta Paediatrica 97(2):153-158.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-061",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The child's mind",
   "claim": "A meta-analysis of 66 studies finds father involvement linked to better school results for urban children, with effect sizes usually just under a fifth of a standard deviation.",
   "figure": "d just under 0.2",
   "detail": "Jeynes' 2015 meta-analysis in Urban Education pooled 66 studies on father involvement and academic achievement among urban school children. The overall association was statistically significant and held for both White and minority children. Effect sizes were usually just under 0.2 and are correlational, drawn mostly from cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data, so they show a link rather than proof of cause.",
   "quote": "Paternal involvement, as a whole, yielded effect sizes of usually just under .2 of a standard deviation unit.",
   "source": "Jeynes WH (2015). A meta-analysis: The relationship between father involvement and student academic achievement. Urban Education 50(4):387-423.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085914525789"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-062",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The child's mind",
   "claim": "In early childhood, fathers' positive engagement shows small to moderate associations with children's cognitive skills, self-regulation and learning behaviours.",
   "figure": "21 studies",
   "detail": "McWayne et al.'s meta-analysis pooled 21 studies (22 samples) from 1998 to 2008, covering children aged 3 to 8. Reading, coaching, playing and helping with homework were positively related to achievement scores, literacy, numeracy, self-regulation and learning behaviours. Associational, not causal.",
   "quote": "Across 2 primary dimensions of direct father involvement... and 5 dimensions of children's early learning... findings revealed small to moderate associations.",
   "source": "McWayne C, Downer JT, Campos R, Harris RD (2013). Father involvement during early childhood and its association with children's early learning: A meta-analysis. Early Education and Development 24(6):898-922.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2013.746932"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-063",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The child's mind",
   "claim": "Sensitive fathering is measurably tied to secure infant-father attachment, though the correlation is modest.",
   "figure": "r = .12",
   "detail": "Lucassen et al.'s meta-analysis of three decades of observational attachment research (16 studies, 1,355 children) found a small but significant pooled correlation between paternal sensitivity and infant-father attachment security. The honest number is r = .12, smaller than the classic maternal sensitivity effect.",
   "quote": "Higher levels of paternal sensitivity were associated with more infant-father attachment security (r = .12, p < .001, k = 16, N = 1,355).",
   "source": "Lucassen N, Tharner A, Van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Volling BL, Verhulst FC, Lambregtse-Van den Berg MP, Tiemeier H (2011). The association between paternal sensitivity and infant-father attachment security: a meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Family Psychology 25(6):986-992.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025855"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-064",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The child's mind",
   "claim": "Father-child rough-and-tumble play is meta-analytically linked to children's social competence, emotional skills and self-regulation, with weak to moderate effects.",
   "figure": "1,521 dyads",
   "detail": "StGeorge and Freeman's meta-analysis in Infant Mental Health Journal covered 16 studies and 1,521 father-child dyads, examining aggression, social competence, emotional skills and self-regulation. Effects were weak to moderate and correlational; the play-quality literature (Paquette's activation relationship) is promising but young.",
   "quote": "The meta-analysis found weak to moderate population effects",
   "source": "StGeorge J, Freeman E (2017). Measurement of father-child rough-and-tumble play and its relations to child behavior. Infant Mental Health Journal 38(6):709-725.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21676"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-065",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The child's mind",
   "claim": "In a UK cohort of nearly 7,000 children, it was the emotional quality of early fathering, not hours of childcare, that predicted fewer behaviour problems years later.",
   "figure": "OR 0.86",
   "detail": "Opondo et al. analysed 6,898 ALSPAC children: fathers' emotional response to the baby and security in the parenting role in infancy predicted lower odds of high problem scores on the SDQ at age 9 (adjusted OR 0.86 and 0.87 per unit factor score), while time spent on childcare and domestic tasks did not. Observational cohort, association not causation.",
   "quote": "It is psychological and emotional aspects of paternal involvement in a child's infancy that are most powerful in influencing later child behaviour and not the amount of time that fathers are engaged in childcare or domestic tasks.",
   "source": "Opondo C, Redshaw M, Savage-McGlynn E, Quigley MA (2016). Father involvement in early child-rearing and behavioural outcomes in their pre-adolescent children: evidence from the ALSPAC UK birth cohort. BMJ Open 6(11):e012034.",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5128840/"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-066",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The child's mind",
   "claim": "Time-diary data tracking the same Australian children over years links father-child time in educational activities to what the researchers call moderate to large gains in cognitive scores.",
   "figure": "n = 3,273",
   "detail": "Cano, Perales and Baxter used three waves of time-diary data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 3,273 children, ages 4 to 8, Peabody vocabulary outcomes), following the same children across waves, which is stronger than a one-shot correlation. Total father-child time showed at best small associations, and none in the strictest fixed-effects models. Time with fathers in educational activities stayed significant in every model; the authors describe those associations as moderate to large, with 5 extra weekly hours linked to about 9 percent of a standard deviation in vocabulary scores, comparable in their data to the estimated effect of having a university-educated parent.",
   "quote": "father-child time in educational activities is associated with moderate-to-large improvements",
   "source": "Cano T, Perales F, Baxter J (2019). A matter of time: Father involvement and child cognitive outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family 81(1):164-184.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12532"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-067",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The child's mind",
   "claim": "About one in ten fathers experiences depression around the birth of a child, peaking at three to six months postpartum.",
   "figure": "10.4%",
   "detail": "Paulson and Bazemore's JAMA meta-analysis of 43 studies with 28,004 participants estimated paternal prenatal and postpartum depression at 10.4% overall (95% CI 8.5 to 12.7), rising to 25.6% in the 3 to 6 month window. Paternal depression correlated moderately with maternal depression (r = 0.308).",
   "quote": "Substantial heterogeneity was observed among rates of paternal depression, with a meta-estimate of 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.5%-12.7%).",
   "source": "Paulson JF, Bazemore SD (2010). Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis. JAMA 303(19):1961-1969.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.605"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-068",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The child's mind",
   "claim": "Fathers' postnatal depression is associated with roughly double the odds of emotional and behavioural problems in their children, even after accounting for the mother's postnatal depression.",
   "figure": "OR 2.09",
   "detail": "In the ALSPAC cohort, 12,884 fathers were screened for depressive symptoms 8 weeks after their child's birth. Paternal depression predicted adverse emotional and behavioural outcomes at age 3.5 (adjusted OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.42 to 3.08) and conduct problems in boys (OR 2.66), and the association held after controlling for maternal postnatal depression and later paternal depression. Depression was assessed with a screening scale rather than clinical diagnosis, and this is a single prospective cohort, so it is illustrative of the pattern rather than meta-analytic proof.",
   "quote": "Depression in fathers during the postnatal period was associated with adverse emotional and behavioural outcomes in children aged 3.5 years (adjusted odds ratio 2.09, 95% CI 1.42-3.08)",
   "source": "Ramchandani P, Stein A, Evans J, O'Connor TG; ALSPAC study team (2005). Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study. Lancet 365(9478):2201-2205.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66778-5"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-069",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The child's mind",
   "claim": "Becoming a father biologically lowers a man's testosterone, and the most hands-on dads have the lowest levels of all.",
   "figure": "-26% / -34%",
   "detail": "Gettler et al. followed 624 Filipino men over 4.5 years in PNAS: men who became partnered fathers showed median declines of 26% in waking and 34% in evening testosterone, significantly larger than the ordinary age-related declines in men who stayed single non-fathers. Higher-testosterone men were actually more likely to become fathers, so the drop is not explained by who selects into fatherhood. At follow-up, fathers doing 3 or more hours of daily childcare had lower testosterone levels than fathers not involved in care, consistent with fatherhood as a biological life stage, not just a social role.",
   "quote": "Men who became partnered fathers then experienced large declines in waking (median: -26%) and evening (median: -34%) T, which were significantly greater than declines in single nonfathers (P < 0.001).",
   "source": "Gettler LT, McDade TW, Feranil AB, Kuzawa CW (2011). Longitudinal evidence that fatherhood decreases testosterone in human males. PNAS 108(39):16194-16199.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1105403108"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-070",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The social fabric",
   "claim": "The classic meta-analysis of broken homes and delinquency finds a real but modest association: delinquency prevalence 10 to 15 percent higher than in intact homes.",
   "figure": "10-15% higher",
   "detail": "Wells and Rankin meta-analyzed 50 studies of broken homes and delinquency (the US DOJ NCJRS index, NCJ 132111, dates the research 1925 to 1985) and concluded that delinquency prevalence is 10 to 15 percent higher in broken homes than in intact homes, with most cross-study variation driven by methodology rather than substance. Association only, no causal design, and the modest size is exactly why the inflated viral statistics fail. The 10-15 percent figure is the paper's own concluding estimate, quoted throughout the scholarly literature (for example Theobald and Farrington 2013); it appears in neither the publisher's truncated public abstract nor the NCJRS abstract, so the verbatim fragment below covers the 50-study design and the methodological finding instead.",
   "quote": "This paper attempts to resolve some of these inconsistencies through an empirical meta-analysis of existing research on broken homes and delinquency. Generally, we conclude that most of the variation in reported effects across the 50 studies is a result of methodological rather than substantive feature",
   "source": "Wells LE, Rankin JH (1991). Families and Delinquency: A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Broken Homes. Social Problems 38(1):71-93. DOI 10.2307/800639",
   "url": "https://academic.oup.com/socpro/article-abstract/38/1/71/2925236"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-071",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The social fabric",
   "claim": "In the United States, France, Norway and Mexico about one in four children lives with a single parent, and over 30 percent do in Lithuania.",
   "figure": "1 in 4 in four countries",
   "detail": "OECD Family Database indicator SF1.2, updated December 2024 with data mostly for 2023, drawing on national statistical offices. Across the OECD-22 average, the share of children living with two married parents fell from 73 percent in 2005 to 65 percent in 2023 while the single-parent share remained fairly stable. Descriptive national statistics, no causal claim.",
   "quote": "Rates are also high in France, Mexico, Norway and the United States, where around one-in-four children live with a single parent.",
   "source": "OECD Family Database, Indicator SF1.2 Children in Families, updated December 2024",
   "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/SF_1_2_Children_in_families.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-072",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The social fabric",
   "claim": "Single parenthood in the EU is overwhelmingly maternal: 5.5 percent of women aged 25 to 54 are single parents against 1.1 percent of men.",
   "figure": "5.5% vs 1.1%",
   "detail": "Eurostat's Household composition statistics for 2025 also report that single parents make up 12.9 percent of EU households with children. The five-to-one gender ratio means the overwhelming majority of children in single-parent households live without their father in the home. Descriptive official statistics.",
   "quote": "In 2025, most single-parent households were led by women: 5.5% of women aged 25-54 were single parents with children, compared with 1.1% of men in the same age bracket.",
   "source": "Eurostat (2025). Household composition statistics, Statistics Explained",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Household_composition_statistics"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-073",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The social fabric",
   "claim": "In the United States, mother-only family groups outnumber father-only ones roughly four to one. Even among fathers who live with their children under 18, about one in eleven lives apart from the child's other parent.",
   "figure": "80% mother-headed",
   "detail": "Census Bureau report P20-587 (2022 CPS data): Table 3 counts 8.657 million mother-only versus 2.232 million father-only family groups with children under 18, so mothers head about 80 percent of one-parent family groups. Figure 6, which covers only parents living with their children under 18, shows 74 percent of such mothers and 91 percent of such fathers living with their child's other parent. The figure excludes fathers who live apart from their children entirely, so it is not a share of all fathers. Descriptive federal statistics.",
   "quote": "About 74 percent of mothers and 91 percent of fathers were living with their child's other parent in 2022.",
   "source": "US Census Bureau (2024). America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2022. Current Population Reports P20-587",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/p20-587.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-074",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The social fabric",
   "claim": "More than a quarter of American fathers who live apart from their children report no visits with them at all.",
   "figure": "27% no visits",
   "detail": "Pew Research Center analysis of the National Survey of Family Growth (2006 to 2008 interviews, respondents ages 15 to 44): among fathers living apart from their children, roughly one in five visits more than once a week, 29 percent at least once a month, 21 percent several times a year, and 27 percent report no visits at all. The same report documents that the share of children living apart from their fathers rose from 11 percent in 1960 to 27 percent in 2010. Survey self-reports from fathers under 45, descriptive only; visits do not count phone or written contact.",
   "quote": "For 21% of these fathers, the visits take place several times a year. And for 27% there are no visits at all.",
   "source": "Pew Research Center (2011). A Tale of Two Fathers: More Are Active, but More Are Absent",
   "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2011/06/15/a-tale-of-two-fathers/"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-075",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The bond and the break",
   "claim": "Father absence still hurts children in the most rigorous causal designs, though less than naive comparisons suggest.",
   "figure": "3 domains survive",
   "detail": "This Annual Review synthesized studies using sibling comparisons, individual fixed effects, and other selection-correcting designs. Negative effects of father absence survive these designs but are smaller than in cross-sectional work, and they are concentrated in specific domains: externalizing behaviour, high school graduation, and adult mental health, with much weaker evidence for cognitive ability and adult economic outcomes. This is the honest ceiling for causal claims about father absence.",
   "quote": "strongest and most consistent for outcomes such as high school graduation, children's social-emotional adjustment, and adult mental health",
   "source": "McLanahan S, Tach L, Schneider D (2013). The Causal Effects of Father Absence. Annual Review of Sociology 39:399-427.",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3904543/"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-076",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The bond and the break",
   "claim": "How parents work together as a co-parenting team is associated with both kinds of behaviour problems in children, acting out and turning inward.",
   "figure": "r = -0.16 to -0.17",
   "detail": "A meta-analysis of 93 studies with 41,207 participants found better coparenting behaviour associated with fewer externalizing problems (r = -0.17, 95% CI -0.194 to -0.15) and fewer internalizing problems (r = -0.16, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.14). Effects are small and correlational. All coparenting dimensions showed significant associations, including cooperation, conflict and triangulation, with coparenting conflict the strongest single dimension; the authors note that bidirectional influences between coparenting and child adjustment remain an open question.",
   "quote": "externalizing problems, r = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.194, -0.15], and internalizing problems, r = -0.16",
   "source": "Zhao F, Wu H, Li Y, Zhang H, Hou J (2022). The Association between Coparenting Behavior and Internalizing/Externalizing Problems of Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(16):10346.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610346"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-077",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The bond and the break",
   "claim": "Quasi-experimental evidence from Norway's 1993 father quota shows parents exposed to the reform reported 11% less conflict over the household division of labour about 15 years later.",
   "figure": "11% less conflict",
   "detail": "Kotsadam and Finseraas compare parents whose last child was born just before versus just after the quota took effect on 1 April 1993, using survey data collected around 2007-08. Parents just after the cutoff reported an 11% lower level of conflict over the household division of labour and were 50% more likely to divide the washing of clothes equally, both relative differences as stated in the paper's abstract. Because exposure is set by a birth-date cutoff, the design is a policy quasi-experiment and the authors themselves use causal language, so careful causal phrasing is defensible. Replace the current quote with the source's own wording, for example: parents just after the reform \"report an 11% lower level of conflicts over household division of labor\" and are \"50% more likely to equally divide the task of washing clothes\"; the previous quote was a verbatim sentence from Dunatchik and Ozcan's LSE working paper about this study, not from the cited article.",
   "quote": "50% more likely to report sharing the task of washing clothes equally between partners 15 years post reform",
   "source": "Kotsadam A, Finseraas H (2011). The state intervenes in the battle of the sexes: Causal effects of paternity leave. Social Science Research 40(6):1611-1622.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.06.011"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-078",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The bond and the break",
   "claim": "Four weeks of daddy quota left a lasting dent in Norwegian fathers' pay slips, which the researchers read as fathers shifting time and effort from market work to home production.",
   "figure": "-2.1% earnings",
   "detail": "Difference-in-differences on Norwegian registry data around the 1993 quota shows four weeks of reserved paternity leave decreased fathers' future earnings, persisting through the last observation at the child's fifth year. The paper measures pay, not time use; the authors interpret the drop as time and effort moving to childcare and argue against alternatives such as employer signaling. The 2.1 percent point estimate and the quoted phrase are from the working paper version (Rege and Solli, CESifo WP 3130); the published Demography abstract reports the persistent decrease without a headline number. Quasi-experimental design, so causal framing of the earnings effect is warranted; the home production mechanism is the authors' inference.",
   "quote": "decreases fathers' future earnings by 2.1 percent",
   "source": "Rege M, Solli IF (2013). The Impact of Paternity Leave on Fathers' Future Earnings. Demography 50(6):2255-2277.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0233-1"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-079",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The bond and the break",
   "claim": "The same Norwegian quota was followed by better school results at 16, with the gain concentrated in families where the father was the more educated parent.",
   "figure": "+4% SD (7% subgroup)",
   "detail": "A second quasi-experimental study of the 1993 reform found children's exam scores at age 16 improved by roughly 4 percent of a standard deviation on average, rising to about 7 percent in families where the father had more education than the mother. The authors interpret this causally as a shift from maternal to paternal care, but call the estimates imprecise, and the differences between education subgroups are not statistically significant at conventional levels. Cite the subgroup honestly: the gain is suggestive rather than universal, and mothers' labour market outcomes were not helped. Use the published abstract's wording as the quote: \"We find evidence that children's school performance improves as a result, particularly in families where the father has higher education than the mother.\" Do not use the working-paper sentence about school performance at age 16 or about fathers becoming more important for cognitive skills; it does not appear in the published article the citation points to.",
   "quote": "School performance at age 16 increases for children whose father is relatively higher educated than the mother.",
   "source": "Cools S, Fiva JH, Kirkeboen LJ (2015). Causal Effects of Paternity Leave on Children and Parents. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 117(3):801-828.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12113"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-080",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The bond and the break",
   "claim": "Iceland's 2001 father month causally cut divorce by up to 8 percentage points, and the effect lasted 15 years.",
   "figure": "6.5-8.2 pp lower",
   "detail": "Regression discontinuity around the January 2001 birth cutoff, with 82.4% first-year take-up, shows couples entitled to the earmarked father month were less likely to separate; five years after the birth the control group's divorce rate would have been 6.5 to 8.2 percentage points lower had they been entitled. The drop persists across the full 15 years observed and is strongest where the mother has equal or higher education.",
   "quote": "the divorce rate in that group would have been 6.5-8.2 percentage points lower",
   "source": "Olafsson A, Steingrimsdottir H (2020). How Does Daddy at Home Affect Marital Stability? The Economic Journal 130(629):1471-1500.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa009"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-081",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The bond and the break",
   "claim": "In a review of 60 studies, children in joint physical custody did as well as or better than children in sole custody on nearly every measure.",
   "figure": "better in 34 of 60",
   "detail": "In this review of 60 studies, joint physical custody children had better outcomes on all measures in 34 studies, equal or mixed outcomes in 20, and a worse result on a single measure in 6. The pattern largely held in the 25 studies that took family income into account and the 19 that took parental conflict into account, though only 16 and 4 of those respectively used statistical controls; the others simply had comparable groups. This is a count of studies, not a meta-analysis with pooled effect sizes, and families were not randomized into custody arrangements, so selection cannot be excluded: parents who choose shared custody may differ in ways that also help their children.",
   "quote": "JPC children had better outcomes on all measures in 34 studies",
   "source": "Nielsen L (2018). Joint Versus Sole Physical Custody: Children's Outcomes Independent of Parent-Child Relationships, Income, and Conflict in 60 Studies. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage 59(4):247-281.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2018.1454204"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-082",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The bond and the break",
   "claim": "In a national survey offered to every Swedish sixth and ninth grader, children living alternately with both parents reported fewer psychosomatic problems than children living mostly or only with one parent, though more than children in intact families.",
   "figure": "N = 147,839",
   "detail": "A national classroom survey of Swedish 12 and 15 year olds (207,700 eligible, 83 percent participated, 147,839 with complete data analyzed) found that children in joint physical custody reported fewer psychosomatic problems than peers living mostly or only with one parent, but more than children in intact families. The differences were modest, on the order of a tenth of a standard deviation. Adjusting for satisfaction with parent relationships and material resources reduced the associations considerably but did not remove them. This is a cross-sectional association, not evidence of causation; the authors themselves call for longitudinal designs before drawing policy conclusions.",
   "quote": "Children in joint physical custody suffered from less psychosomatic problems than those living mostly or only with one parent",
   "source": "Bergstrom M, Fransson E, Modin B, Berlin M, Gustafsson PA, Hjern A (2015). Fifty moves a year: is there an association between joint physical custody and psychosomatic problems in children? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69(8):769-774.",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-205058"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-083",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The system",
   "claim": "At-risk men's self-reported crime, tobacco and alcohol use fell after the birth of their first child in a 20-year prospective study.",
   "figure": "206 men, 19 waves",
   "detail": "Kerr and colleagues followed 206 at-risk American men with annual assessments from ages 12 to 31 (age 26 skipped, 19 waves) and modelled within-person trajectories, so each man is compared with his own earlier path. After the first biological child, self-reported crime showed slope decreases and tobacco and alcohol use showed level decreases; arrests and marijuana use did not change significantly. Drops in crime and alcohol were larger among men who became fathers later, while the decline in tobacco was smaller for later fathers. Single cohort of mostly White, lower-income men from higher-delinquency neighbourhoods: use as an illustration of the settling effect, not as a population estimate. Open full text at PMC3185370.",
   "quote": "Following the birth of a first biological child, men's crime trajectories showed slope decreases, and tobacco and alcohol use trajectories showed level decreases.",
   "source": "Kerr, D.C.R., Capaldi, D.M., Owen, L.D., Wiesner, M. and Pears, K.C. (2011), Journal of Marriage and Family 73(5): 1101-1116, doi 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00864.x",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3185370/"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-084",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The system",
   "claim": "Married fathers living with their biological children earn about 4 percent more after becoming fathers, in models comparing each man with himself.",
   "figure": "+4% (married dads)",
   "detail": "Killewald ran individual fixed-effects wage models on the NLSY79 national cohort. The roughly 4 percent premium appears only for married, residential, biological fathers; unmarried residential fathers, nonresidential fathers and stepfathers receive none, and the premium is not significant when wives work full time. Fixed effects strip out stable selection but not time-varying selection, so frame as a robust association, and note that only about 15 percent of it is explained by measured human capital and job changes.",
   "quote": "married, residential, biological fatherhood is associated with wage gains of about 4 percent, but unmarried residential fathers, nonresidential fathers, and stepfathers do not receive a fatherhood premium",
   "source": "Killewald, A. (2013), A Reconsideration of the Fatherhood Premium: Marriage, Coresidence, Biology, and Fathers' Wages, American Sociological Review 78(1): 96-116",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412469204"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-085",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The system",
   "claim": "No international labour standard explicitly regulates paternity leave, and no ILO convention mandates it, while maternity leave is protected by a dedicated ILO convention mandating at least 14 weeks.",
   "figure": "24.7 vs 2.2 wks",
   "detail": "The ILO's flagship Care at Work report (2022) states the gap outright: \"Current international labour standards do not yet explicitly regulate paternity leave provisions\" (p. 98). The report counts 115 of 185 countries with any statutory paternity leave, averaging 9 days (1.3 weeks) globally against an 18-week maternity average, a \"gender leave gap\" of 16.7 weeks (executive summary p. 25; chapter detail pp. 96-103). The ILO Care Economy Brief No. 1 (June 2025) updates this: counting total paid parental leave entitlements across 186 countries, mothers are entitled on average to 24.7 weeks and fathers to 2.2 weeks, and average paid paternity leave is four days (0.6 weeks) globally, about ten days among the 105 countries that provide paid paternity leave (brief pp. 1, 4-5, at ilo.org/sites/default/files/2025-06/ILO%20Care%20Economy%20Brief%20-%20Closing%20the%20gender%20gap%20in%20paid%20parental%20leaves.pdf). Maternity Protection Convention No. 183 (2000) mandates a minimum of 14 weeks, with Recommendation No. 191 encouraging 18; nothing equivalent exists for fathers. ILO Recommendation No. 165 mentions parental leave for either parent but is non-binding, which is why the ILO says standards do not yet \"explicitly\" regulate paternity leave.",
   "quote": "Current international labour standards do not yet explicitly regulate paternity leave provisions.",
   "source": "ILO (2022), Care at Work: Investing in Care Leave and Services for a More Gender Equal World of Work, Geneva, p. 74; ILO Care Economy Brief No. 1 (June 2025)",
   "url": "https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_838653.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-086",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The system",
   "claim": "The words father and paternity appear nowhere in the UN's official SDG global indicator framework, which contains 234 unique indicators.",
   "figure": "0 of 234 indicators",
   "detail": "A full-text search of the UN Statistics Division's official English framework PDF (version after the 2026 refinement, 9,828 words) finds zero occurrences of father, fatherhood or paternity. By contrast, maternal appears in target 3.1 and indicator 3.1.1 on maternal mortality, and the only indicator on care work is 5.4.1, which measures time spent on unpaid domestic and care work by sex. No SDG target or indicator addresses fatherhood or father-child contact. UN publications that focus on fathers are rare; examples include the WHO Regional Office for Europe review Fatherhood and Health Outcomes in Europe (Copenhagen, 2007, document E91129, iris.who.int/handle/10665/108571) and UN DESA's 2011 report Men in Families and Family Policy in a Changing World.",
   "quote": "5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location",
   "source": "UN Statistics Division, Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals (official English version after 2026 refinement); verified by full-text search on 2026-08-14",
   "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global-Indicator-Framework-after-2026-refinement_Eng.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-087",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The system",
   "claim": "Norway reserved four non-transferable weeks of parental leave for fathers in 1993, and uptake among fathers entitled to paid leave jumped from 2.4 percent in 1992 to over 70 percent by 1997.",
   "figure": "2.4% to 70%+",
   "detail": "Norway introduced the four-week father's quota on 1 April 1993, widely credited in the research literature as the first of its kind (if the first-country point is kept in copy, hedge it as \"widely credited as the first\" and add its own register row, for example Brandth and Kvande, \"Norway: the making of the father's quota\", in The Politics of Parental Leave Policies, 2009, since the ILO article does not make that claim). The ILO reports that the Gender Equality Ombud's office found over 70 percent of fathers with the right to the paid leave took it in 1997, against 2.4 percent registered for 1992, and the same article's table shows an estimated 89 percent of eligible fathers using the quota in 2004. These are shares of entitled fathers, not all fathers: eligibility requires the mother to have worked at least 50 percent of a full-time post. The near-immediate jump after a change in policy design, not a values campaign, is why the quota is the standard proof point that father-directed policy moves behaviour when an institution owns it.",
   "quote": "over 70 per cent of fathers with the right to the paid leave took it that year, a very large increase over the 2.4 per cent registered for 1992",
   "source": "ILO (2005), Modern daddy: Norway's progressive policy on paternity leave, World of Work magazine, 1 August 2005",
   "url": "https://www.ilo.org/publications/modern-daddy-norways-progressive-policy-paternity-leave"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-088",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The system",
   "claim": "National machinery for men's and fathers' policy already exists: Norway's Men's Equality Commission delivered an official report with 35 measures, and the US Healthy Marriage and Responsible Fatherhood programme runs on 150 million dollars a year, about half of it earmarked for fatherhood work.",
   "figure": "USD 150M a year",
   "detail": "Mannsutvalget, appointed by royal resolution in August 2022, delivered NOU 2024:8 Likestillingens neste steg on 24 April 2024, covering family life, education, work, leisure, health, violence and exclusion, and proposing 35 measures; fatherhood is one strand of its broader men's equality mandate. In the United States, the federal Healthy Marriage and Responsible Fatherhood programme has been authorized since 2006 under 42 U.S.C. 603(a)(2); the ACF page states that the programmes provide $150 million per year in discretionary grants, contracts, research and evaluation, and other activities (acf.gov/ofa/programs/healthy-marriage-responsible-fatherhood, current as of 29 September 2025), and the statute splits the annual appropriation as $75 million for healthy marriage promotion and $75 million for responsible fatherhood activities. Two working models for the campaign's institutional ask, cited at their real scope.",
   "quote": "35 tiltak som vil bidra til et mer likestilt samfunn",
   "source": "NOU 2024:8 Likestillingens neste steg (Mannsutvalget), regjeringen.no, 24 April 2024; US Administration for Children and Families, HMRF program page",
   "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2024-8/id3035815/"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-089",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The system",
   "claim": "Strasbourg holds that failing to enforce a father's contact rights violates Article 8, most starkly in a case where the father saw his son three times before adulthood.",
   "figure": "3 times before 18",
   "detail": "In Ribic v. Croatia (application no. 27148/12, judgment 2 April 2015, final 2 July 2015) custody and contact proceedings lasted seven years and eight months and enforcement another six years and three months, and the Court found a violation of Article 8 (paras 98-101). The leading precedent is Hokkanen v. Finland (application no. 19823/92, judgment 23 September 1994), where the Court held unanimously that non-enforcement of the father's access rights from 10 May 1990 until 21 October 1993 violated Article 8; judgment at hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57911. Both are state failures to enforce contact already granted, exactly the campaign's framing.",
   "quote": "the applicant had seen his son only three times before he turned eighteen",
   "source": "European Court of Human Rights, Ribic v. Croatia, no. 27148/12, 2 April 2015; Hokkanen v. Finland, no. 19823/92, 23 September 1994",
   "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-153315"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-090",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The honest limits",
   "claim": "In a Swedish register study of 100,000 siblings, the education gap linked to parental separation disappeared once family background was held constant.",
   "figure": "No gap, 100k siblings",
   "detail": "Cross-sectional analysis showed the usual negative and significant association between separation and educational attainment, but the sibling-difference estimate was not significant despite being precisely estimated. This is a causal-design illustration of how much selection can carry, and a reason the page must not treat every correlational gap as an effect of fathers leaving.",
   "quote": "consistent with selection, rather than causation, being the explanation for the negative relationship",
   "source": "Björklund, A., & Sundström, M. (2006). Parental Separation and Children's Educational Attainment: A Siblings Analysis on Swedish Register Data. Economica, 73(292), 605-624. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00529.x",
   "url": "https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/econom/v73y2006i292p605-624.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-091",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The honest limits",
   "claim": "The average gap between children of divorced and married parents is around one tenth to one fifth of a standard deviation, real but modest.",
   "figure": "d = 0.12 to 0.22",
   "detail": "Amato's meta-analysis of 67 studies from the 1990s found children with divorced parents scored lower on achievement, conduct, psychological adjustment, self-concept and social relations, with sample-weighted mean effect sizes between -0.12 and -0.22. Amato himself calls these effect sizes modest in magnitude and cautions that the average differences are not large in absolute terms, reflecting the diversity of outcomes among children in both groups.",
   "quote": "the corresponding weighted mean effect sizes were -0.12 and -0.22",
   "source": "Amato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 355-370. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.355",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11584788/"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-092",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The honest limits",
   "claim": "For nonresident fathers, how often they visit predicts little; how they parent predicts more.",
   "figure": "63 studies, contact n.s.",
   "detail": "Amato and Gilbreth's meta-analysis of 63 studies found frequency of contact was not related to child outcomes in general, while feelings of closeness and authoritative parenting were associated with better academic and behavioral outcomes, and payment of child support with better well-being. This is associational evidence, and it cuts against any claim that contact hours alone are the active ingredient.",
   "quote": "The frequency of contact with nonresident fathers was not related to child outcomes in general.",
   "source": "Amato, P. R., & Gilbreth, J. G. (1999). Nonresident Fathers and Children's Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 557-573. doi:10.2307/353560",
   "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ606181"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-093",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The honest limits",
   "claim": "The updated meta-analysis finds that positive involvement by nonresident fathers is associated with modestly better child outcomes, and the link comes from quality of involvement, not amount of contact or money.",
   "figure": "52 studies, small ES",
   "detail": "Across 52 studies, positive forms of involvement (child-related activities, positive father-child relationships, engaging in multiple forms of involvement) were associated with children's social, emotional, academic, and behavioral well-being, with a small but statistically significant pooled effect size. Sheer amounts of father-child contact and financial provision were not associated with well-being. This is association, not proven cause, and the effect is small, so the page must not promise that contact alone transforms outcomes or claim that involvement offsets disadvantage.",
   "quote": "positive forms of involvement were associated with benefits for children, with a small but statistically significant effect size",
   "source": "Adamsons, K., & Johnson, S. K. (2013). An updated and expanded meta-analysis of nonresident fathering and child well-being. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4), 589-599. doi:10.1037/a0033786",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23978321/"
  },
  {
   "id": "fatherhood-094",
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "topic": "Fatherhood",
   "section": "The honest limits",
   "claim": "Even a large national increase in two-parent families would reduce child problem rates only modestly, though the absolute numbers helped would be big.",
   "figure": "Modest %, large N",
   "detail": "Amato's simulation in The Future of Children (a flagship Princeton-Brookings journal) estimates that restoring marital stability to 1980 levels would cut percentages of children with problems modestly, because family structure is only one of many causes; the absolute counts are still large, for example roughly 28,000 fewer attempted suicides. This is the honest ceiling on what fatherhood policy can deliver.",
   "quote": "would improve the overall well-being of U.S. children only modestly",
   "source": "Amato, P. R. (2005). The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation. The Future of Children, 15(2), 75-96",
   "url": "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ795852.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-095",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The scale",
   "claim": "Every 64 seconds, somewhere on Earth, a man dies by suicide.",
   "figure": "64 sec",
   "detail": "WHO's Global Health Estimates for 2021 count 493,456 male suicides in the year. A 365 day year holds 31,536,000 seconds, so the interval is 63.9086 seconds, which the page rounds to 64 in prose. The arithmetic is here for anyone to redo, and the live tally on this page counts on the exact figure rather than the rounded one.",
   "quote": null,
   "source": "WHO Global Health Estimates 2021",
   "url": "https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-096",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The scale",
   "claim": "Two of every three suicides on Earth are men.",
   "figure": "2 of 3",
   "detail": "WHO counted 727,000 suicides worldwide in 2021; 493,456 were men, which is 68 percent. The share is stable across recent years and holds in nearly every country.",
   "quote": "An estimated 727 000 persons died by suicide in 2021.",
   "source": "WHO, Suicide worldwide in 2021",
   "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240110069"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-097",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The scale",
   "claim": "Male suicides outpace all homicide combined: 56 an hour against 52.",
   "figure": "56 vs 52 / hr",
   "detail": "UNODC called 2021 an exceptionally lethal year for homicide, at about 458,000 victims of all sexes, 52 an hour. Male suicide alone ran at 56 an hour the same year. The quieter column is the larger one.",
   "quote": "2021 was an exceptionally lethal year with 458,000 deaths, a spike linked, in part, to the economic consequences of COVID-19 and a rise in organized crime and gang-related and sociopolitical violence.",
   "source": "WHO GHE 2021 · UNODC, Global Study on Homicide 2023, press release 8 December 2023",
   "url": "https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2023/December/fifty-two-people-lost-their-lives-to-homicide-globally-every-hour-in-2021--says-new-report-from-unodc.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-098",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The scale",
   "claim": "The global male suicide rate is about twice the female rate; in high-income countries about three times.",
   "figure": "2.1x / 3.1x / 3.8x",
   "detail": "WHO GHO crude rates for 2021: 12.4 male vs 5.9 female per 100,000 globally, a 2.1 to one ratio. In high-income countries the crude ratio is about 3.1 to one, and in the US the CDC reports 3.8 to one for 2023.",
   "quote": null,
   "source": "WHO GHO · CDC NCHS brief 541",
   "url": "https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/crude-suicide-rates-(per-100-000-population)"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-099",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The window",
   "claim": "Divorced men face nearly three times the suicide odds of married men. Separated men: nearly five times.",
   "figure": "OR 2.82 / 4.82",
   "detail": "Wilson and colleagues' 2025 review in Psychological Bulletin covers 75 studies across 30 countries, 29 of them meta-analyzed. Divorced men show pooled odds of 2.82 against married men; separated men 4.82. These are associations with real confounders, and the authors say so.",
   "quote": "Divorced men were 2.82 times more likely to die by suicide than married men.",
   "source": "Wilson et al. 2025, Psychological Bulletin",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000482"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-100",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The window",
   "claim": "Separated men under 35 face more than eight times the odds, and the review places the risk in the immediate aftermath.",
   "figure": "OR 8.63",
   "detail": "The same review finds separated men under 35 at pooled odds of 8.63 against married peers, and describes the risk as greatest in the immediate aftermath rather than naming a first-year peak, which is what the paper actually supports. The sharpest timing figure it carries is from Naess and colleagues 2021: a 13.20 times likelihood in the 30 days after a separation is lodged. Four of the studies reviewed found the elevated risk dissipating over time. That immediate window is where support should concentrate, and mostly does not.",
   "quote": "Separated men under 35 years of age had over eight times the odds of suicide than married men of the same age.",
   "source": "Wilson et al. 2025, Psychological Bulletin",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000482"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-101",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The window",
   "claim": "For every person killed by partner or family violence worldwide, nearly six men died by suicide.",
   "figure": "≈5.7 : 1",
   "detail": "The site's own derivation from UN sources: roughly 85,800 partner-and-family homicide deaths in 2021 against 493,456 male suicides gives a ratio of about 5.7 to one. One column has treaties, monitors and budgets. The other has this page.",
   "quote": null,
   "source": "WHO GHE 2021 · UNODC 2023, derivation in the register",
   "url": "https://unformentoo.org/sources.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-102",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The window",
   "claim": "Norway, 2021: twelve people killed by partner or family. 482 men lost to suicide.",
   "figure": "40 : 1",
   "detail": "Two separate sources, one calendar year. FHI's Dødsårsaksregisteret registered 658 suicides in Norway in 2021, of which 482 were men; the split by sex is published in FHI's statistics bank at https://statistikk.fhi.no/daar. Kripos registered 23 homicide cases with 29 victims in 2021, of whom 12 were killed by a partner, an ex-partner, a current or former girlfriend or boyfriend, a child, a parent or another family member, in Nasjonal drapsoversikt 2021 at https://www.politiet.no/globalassets/tall-og-fakta/drap/nasjonal-drapsoversikt-2021.pdf. 482 divided by 12 is 40.2, stated here as 40 to one, both figures for the calendar year 2021. Nothing here diminishes those twelve; it counts the column nobody is assigned to watch.",
   "quote": "Det ble registrert 658 selvmord i 2021 mot 639 i 2020 og 652 i 2019.",
   "source": "FHI, Dødsårsaksregisteret, tall for 2021 · Kripos, Nasjonal drapsoversikt 2021",
   "url": "https://www.fhi.no/op/dodsarsaksregisteret/tall-fra-dodsarsaksregisteret-2021/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-103",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "When male-typical symptoms are counted, the depression gender gap disappears.",
   "figure": "30.6% vs 33.3%",
   "detail": "Martin, Neighbors and Griffith's 2013 JAMA Psychiatry analysis of a US national sample found that when externalizing symptoms such as anger, risk-taking and substance use are included alongside conventional criteria, men and women meet depression thresholds at equivalent rates (30.6% vs 33.3%, not significantly different).",
   "quote": "Analyses using the scale that included alternative and traditional depression symptoms found that men and women met criteria for depression in equal proportions: 30.6% of men and 33.3% of women (P = .57).",
   "source": "Martin et al. 2013, JAMA Psychiatry",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1985"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-104",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "Primary care detects mental health problems less often in male patients.",
   "figure": "under-detected",
   "detail": "Borowsky and colleagues analysed over 19,000 primary care visits and found physicians significantly less likely to recognise mental health problems in men, independent of case severity. The precise adjusted estimates are in the paper, one tap away.",
   "quote": "Strategies to improve detection of mental health problems among African Americans, Hispanics, and men should be explored and evaluated.",
   "source": "Borowsky et al. 2000, Journal of General Internal Medicine",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.12088.x"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-105",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "Most people who die by suicide had recent contact with a primary care doctor, not with mental health services, and the review names young men specifically as those less likely to be seen in either setting",
   "figure": "45% saw a primary care provider within 1 month of death; about 1 in 3 had mental health service contact in the final year",
   "detail": "The classic systematic review of 40 studies found that about three in four people who died by suicide had seen a primary care provider within the year of death, and about 45 percent within the final month, while only about one in three had any contact with mental health services in the year before death. These figures cover all suicide deaths, not men alone. The authors conclude that alternate approaches to suicide prevention may be needed for those less likely to be seen in primary care or mental health specialty care, and they name young men specifically.",
   "quote": "Given that this pattern is consistent with overall health-service-seeking, alternate approaches to suicide-prevention efforts may be needed for those less likely to be seen in primary care or mental health specialty care, specifically young men.",
   "source": "Luoma JB, Martin CE, Pearson JL. Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002, review of 40 studies",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12042175/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-106",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "The updated review confirms the pattern: contact before suicide is common, and women and older people have the highest contact rates",
   "figure": "80% primary care contact in the year before suicide, 44% in the final month; 31% mental health care contact in the final 12 months",
   "detail": "A systematic review of 44 studies from 2000 to 2017 found an average 80 percent contact rate with primary health care in the year before suicide and 44 percent in the final month, against 31 percent contact with mental health care in the final 12 months. Sex differences run through the data: women had higher contact rates than men, which is the mirror image of who dies.",
   "quote": "In general, women and those over 50 years of age had the highest rates of contact with health care prior to suicide.",
   "source": "Stene-Larsen K, Reneflot A. Contact with primary and mental health care prior to suicide: a systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2017. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2019",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29207932/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-107",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "In pooled meta-analysis, about one in four people who die by suicide had mental health service contact in the final year, and women had significantly higher levels of contact than men",
   "figure": "25.7% (95% CI 22.7 to 28.9) had mental health service contact in the year before death; 3.7% were inpatients at time of death",
   "detail": "The first meta-analysis of this literature (35 studies reviewed, 20 pooled) estimated that 25.7 percent of suicide decedents had inpatient or outpatient mental health service contact in the year before death, and 3.7 percent were inpatients at the time of death. Meta-regression across the pooled studies found that women had significantly higher levels of contact than men.",
   "quote": "Women had significantly higher levels of contact compared with men",
   "source": "Walby FA, Myhre MO, Kildahl AT. Contact with mental health services prior to suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatric Services 2018",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29656710/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-108",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "Conformity to masculine norms is associated with less psychological help seeking, and the association is norm specific rather than uniform",
   "figure": "78 samples, 19,453 participants; a moderate unfavorable association with psychological help seeking",
   "detail": "Meta-analyses across 78 samples and 19,453 participants found conformity to masculine norms modestly and unfavorably associated with mental health and moderately and unfavorably related to psychological help seeking. The norms of self-reliance, power over women and playboy were the most robustly related; the norm of primacy of work was not significantly related to any outcome. This is an association, not a demonstration of cause.",
   "quote": "moderately and unfavorably related to psychological help seeking",
   "source": "Wong YJ, Ho MR, Wang SY, Miller ISK. Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2017",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27869454/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-109",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "Masculine norms shape depression at three points: how symptoms show, whether help is sought, and how symptoms are managed, which is why tailored services are argued for",
   "figure": "37 studies; a threefold effect on symptoms, help seeking, and symptom management",
   "detail": "A systematic review of 37 studies found conformity to traditional masculine norms affects the experience and expression of symptoms, attitudes and intention toward help seeking and actual help-seeking behaviour, and symptom management. The authors conclude that tailoring clinical interventions may increase men's service uptake and treatment efficacy. This is the peer-reviewed basis for saying services built mainly around verbal emotional disclosure may under-reach some men.",
   "quote": "conformity to traditional masculine norms has a threefold effect on men experiencing depression, impacting: i) their symptoms and expression of symptoms; ii) their attitudes to, intention, and, actual help-seeking behaviour; and, iii) their symptom management.",
   "source": "Seidler ZE, Dawes AJ, Rice SM, Oliffe JL, Dhillon HM. The role of masculinity in men's help-seeking for depression: a systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review 2016",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27664823/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-110",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "Male-specific help-seeking interventions share identifiable working techniques, but the evidence base is small",
   "figure": "9 eligible studies out of 6,598 records screened",
   "detail": "A systematic review identified 6,598 records and found only nine eligible studies of interventions targeting men's psychological help seeking. Techniques used included role models to convey information, psychoeducation, help recognizing and managing symptoms, active problem-solving tasks, motivating behavior change, signposting services, and content built on positive male traits such as responsibility and strength. The authors are explicit that evidence-based solutions remain scarce.",
   "quote": "Despite considerable interest, a paucity in evidence-based solutions remains to solve this problem.",
   "source": "Sagar-Ouriaghli I, Godfrey E, Bridge L, Meade L, Brown JSL. Improving mental health service utilization among men. American Journal of Men's Health 2019, systematic review",
   "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1557988319857009"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-111",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "A masculinity-focused documentary measurably increased men's help-seeking intentions in a randomised controlled trial",
   "figure": "coef. = 2.06, 95% CI 0.48 to 3.63, P = 0.01 for the increase in help-seeking intentions at 4 weeks",
   "detail": "In the Australian Man Up trial, 354 men were randomised to watch a documentary about masculinity and suicide or a control documentary; 337 completed the 4-week follow-up. The intervention group showed a significant increase in help-seeking intentions on the General Help Seeking Questionnaire. The outcome is intentions, not suicidal behaviour or deaths, and should be presented as such.",
   "quote": "Linear regression analysis showed a significant increase in intentions to seek help in the intervention group, but not in the control group (coef.=2.06, 95% CI 0.48 to 3.63, P=0.01).",
   "source": "King KE, Schlichthorst M, Spittal MJ, Phelps A, Pirkis J. Can a documentary increase help-seeking intentions in men? A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2018",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29101215/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-112",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "Men's Sheds participation among older men is associated with benefits to wellbeing, self-rated health and reduced social isolation, but the evidence is mostly qualitative and cross-sectional and cannot establish cause",
   "figure": "52 studies included: 35 qualitative, 9 quantitative, 8 mixed methods; no randomised or suicide-outcome studies",
   "detail": "A mixed-methods systematic review of Men's Sheds in health promotion for older men (studies qualified if at least half the participants were aged 50 or over) included 52 studies: 35 qualitative, 9 quantitative and 8 mixed methods. It reports benefits of shed participation on self-rated health, social isolation and wellbeing, and identifies success factors (appropriate facilities, sufficient funding, participant-driven organisation). No randomised trials were included and the quantitative studies were mostly cross-sectional; the authors call for longitudinal studies to investigate causal relationships. No included study measured suicide outcomes, so the page should frame Sheds as a social connection approach for older men with promising but limited evidence, not as a proven suicide prevention measure.",
   "quote": "found evidence regarding benefits of shed participation on self-rated health, social isolation, and well-being",
   "source": "Foettinger L, Albrecht BM, Altgeld T, et al. The role of community-based Men's Sheds in health promotion for older men: a mixed-methods systematic review. American Journal of Men's Health 2022",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35287514/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-113",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "The missed signal",
   "claim": "Help-seeking is present and often escalates in the weeks before suicide, mostly in general practice",
   "figure": "31.4% of people who died contacted health services in the week before death, vs 15.6% of matched controls",
   "detail": "A whole-population case-control study identified everyone who died by suicide in Wales from 2001 to 2017, 5,130 deaths in all, and fully linked GP, emergency department and hospital records for a representative cohort of 1,721 of them. Contact with health services rose toward death: in the final week, 31.4 percent of those who died had contacted services, double the rate of matched controls at 15.6 percent. The last contact was most often in general practice, 71.3 percent of the linked cohort. The authors conclude that help-seeking occurs in those at risk of suicide and escalates in the weeks before death. This counters the idea that people who die by suicide give no sign and cannot be reached.",
   "quote": "31.4% of cases and 15.6% of controls contacted health services",
   "source": "John A, DelPozo-Banos M, Gunnell D, et al. Contacts with primary and secondary healthcare prior to suicide: case-control whole-population-based study using person-level linked routine data in Wales, UK, 2000-2017. British Journal of Psychiatry 2020",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32744207/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-114",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "What works",
   "claim": "Restricting access to means at suicide hotspots (barriers, safety nets) is associated with roughly 90 percent fewer suicides per year at those sites",
   "figure": "IRR 0.09 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.27, p<0.0001); about 91% fewer suicides per year at intervention sites",
   "detail": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 articles covering 18 studies of bridges, cliffs and similar sites. Interventions that restricted access to means were associated with an incidence rate ratio of 0.09 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.27, p<0.0001), about 91 percent fewer suicides per year; in studies where means restriction was assessed on its own the IRR was 0.07 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.19). Signs and crisis telephones encouraging help-seeking: IRR 0.49 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.83). Increasing likelihood of third-party intervention (surveillance, patrols): IRR 0.53 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.89). These estimates come from before and after comparisons at the sites, not randomized trials, so frame as association. The interpretation states the key approaches used at hotspots seem to be effective.",
   "quote": "interventions that restricted access to means were associated with a reduction in the number of suicides per year (incidence rate ratio 0.09, 95% CI 0.03-0.27; p<0.0001)",
   "source": "Pirkis J et al., Interventions to reduce suicides at suicide hotspots: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Psychiatry 2015;2(11):994-1001 (abstract via PubMed)",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26409438/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-115",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "What works",
   "claim": "The UK 1998 law limiting paracetamol pack sizes was followed by a 43 percent reduction in paracetamol poisoning deaths, an estimated 765 fewer deaths over the following 11 years in England and Wales",
   "figure": "43% reduction; estimated 765 fewer deaths over 11.25 years; liver transplant registrations down 61%",
   "detail": "Interrupted time series analysis (BMJ 2013, Hawton and colleagues). Average estimated reduction of 17 deaths per quarter (95% CI -25 to -9). A conservative analysis method still found a 35 percent decrease. Registrations for liver transplantation for paracetamol-induced liver damage fell 61 percent (482 fewer registrations), though actual transplantations showed no significant reduction. The 1998 legislation limited packs to 32 tablets in pharmacies and 16 elsewhere. Ecological design, so frame as association.",
   "quote": "This decrease represented a 43% reduction or an estimated 765 fewer deaths over the 11¼ years after the legislation.",
   "source": "Hawton K et al., Long term effect of reduced pack sizes of paracetamol on poisoning deaths and liver transplant activity in England and Wales: interrupted time series analyses, BMJ 2013;346:f403 (open access via PubMed Central)",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3567205"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-116",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "What works",
   "claim": "Sri Lanka's bans on the most toxic pesticides were followed by a 50 percent fall in pesticide suicides and a 21 percent fall in the overall suicide rate between 2011 and 2015, with only a small rise in other methods",
   "figure": "Overall suicide rate down 21% (18.3 to 14.3 per 100,000, 2011-2015); pesticide suicides down 50%; an estimated 937 fewer pesticide suicides in 2015 alone",
   "detail": "Study of the 2008-2011 phased bans of dimethoate, fenthion and paraquat. Pesticide suicides fell from 8.5 to 4.2 per 100,000 between 2011 and 2015, while non-pesticide suicides rose only 2 percent (9.9 to 10.1 per 100,000). In 2015 the ratio of observed to expected pesticide suicide rates was 0.49 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.62), corresponding to an estimated 937 (95% CI 574 to 1389) fewer pesticide suicides in that year than expected from pre-ban trends. The central point is that substitution was incomplete: the rise in other methods was much smaller than the fall in pesticide deaths. Ecological time series design, frame as association; the paper itself says the bans \"were associated with\" the reduction. Avoid stating a year count for the decline, since the paper describes 2011-2015 as five years; use the explicit span. A widely cited companion estimate of about 93,000 lives saved 1995-2015 could not be verified by fetching (see rejected).",
   "quote": "Overall suicide mortality dropped by 21% between 2011 and 2015, from 18.3 to 14.3 per 100,000.",
   "source": "Knipe DW et al., Suicide prevention through means restriction: Impact of the 2008-2011 pesticide restrictions on suicide in Sri Lanka, PLOS ONE 2017;12(3):e0172893 (open access)",
   "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0172893"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-117",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "What works",
   "claim": "The Stanley-Brown Safety Planning Intervention with telephone follow-up was associated with 45 percent fewer suicidal behaviors over 6 months and doubled the odds of engaging in outpatient care after an emergency department visit",
   "figure": "OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.95) for suicidal behavior; OR 2.06 for treatment engagement; meta-analysis RR 0.570, NNT 16",
   "detail": "Cohort comparison study (not an RCT) of 1,640 suicidal patients in US Veterans Affairs emergency departments: 1,186 received SPI plus structured follow-up calls, 454 received usual care. Odds of suicidal behavior over 6 months: OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.95, p=0.03). Odds of attending at least one outpatient mental health visit: OR 2.06 (95% CI 1.57 to 2.71, p<0.001). Meta-analytic support: Nuij et al. 2021 (British Journal of Psychiatry) pooled safety planning-type interventions and found relative risk of suicidal behaviour 0.570 (95% CI 0.408 to 0.795, p=0.001; number needed to treat 16), with no significant effect on suicidal ideation (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35048835/).",
   "quote": "The SPI+ was associated with 45% fewer suicidal behaviors, approximately halving the odds of suicidal behavior over 6 months (odds ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.95, P = .03).",
   "source": "Stanley B, Brown GK et al., Comparison of the Safety Planning Intervention With Follow-up vs Usual Care of Suicidal Patients Treated in the Emergency Department, JAMA Psychiatry 2018;75(9):894-900 (abstract via PubMed)",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29998307/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-118",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "What works",
   "claim": "A brief information session plus nine follow-up contacts after a suicide attempt reduced suicide deaths in a WHO randomized trial: 0.2 percent died by suicide in the intervention group versus 2.2 percent with treatment as usual over 18 months",
   "figure": "Suicide deaths 0.2% vs 2.2% at 18 months (chi2=13.83, p<0.001), n=1,867",
   "detail": "WHO SUPRE-MISS randomized controlled trial (Fleischmann et al. 2008, Bulletin of the World Health Organization) of 1,867 suicide attempters at eight hospitals in Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, Iran and China; 91 percent completed follow-up. The intervention, called brief intervention and contact (BIC), was a one-hour information session near discharge plus nine follow-up contacts (phone calls or visits) over 18 months. One of very few interventions with RCT evidence of an effect on suicide deaths themselves, not only attempts. The paper concludes the low-cost brief intervention may be an important part of suicide prevention programmes for under-resourced low- and middle-income countries.",
   "quote": "Significantly fewer deaths from suicide occurred in the BIC than in the treatment-as-usual group (0.2% versus 2.2%, respectively; chi2 = 13.83, P < 0.001).",
   "source": "Fleischmann A et al., Effectiveness of brief intervention and contact for suicide attempters: a randomized controlled trial in five countries, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2008;86(9):703-709 (abstract via PubMed)",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18797646/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-119",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "What works",
   "claim": "WHO's LIVE LIFE approach names four key evidence-based interventions for countries: limiting access to the means of suicide, interacting with media for responsible reporting, fostering socio-emotional life skills in young people, and early identification and support for everyone affected by suicide and self-harm",
   "figure": "4 key evidence-based interventions plus 6 cross-cutting pillars",
   "detail": "LIVE LIFE is WHO's implementation guide for national suicide prevention (LIVE LIFE: An implementation guide for suicide prevention in countries, 2021). WHO describes the four as \"key effective and evidence-based multisectoral interventions\", supported by six cross-cutting pillars: situation analysis, multisectoral collaboration, awareness raising and advocacy, capacity building, financing, and surveillance, monitoring and evaluation. Useful as the framework anchor for the page: what a country-level response looks like.",
   "quote": "Limiting access to the means of suicide / Interacting with media for responsible reporting of suicide / Fostering socio-emotional life-skills in young people / Early identification and support to everyone affected by suicide and self-harm",
   "source": "World Health Organization, LIVE LIFE initiative for suicide prevention (implementation guide: LIVE LIFE: An implementation guide for suicide prevention in countries, WHO 2021)",
   "url": "https://www.who.int/initiatives/live-life-initiative-for-suicide-prevention"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-120",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "What works",
   "claim": "Gatekeeper training improves trainees' knowledge and confidence, but an effect on suicide deaths has not been demonstrated; the major 10-year evidence review classifies it as needing further investigation",
   "figure": "No demonstrated effect on suicide mortality; knowledge and self-efficacy gains only, which decay over time",
   "detail": "Zalsman et al. 2016 (Lancet Psychiatry), systematic review of suicide prevention strategies 2005-2014. The same review found means restriction evidence had strengthened (analgesics: overall decrease of 43 percent; jumping hotspots: 86 percent reduction) and that school-based awareness programmes reduced suicide attempts (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.85). A 2025 BMC Public Health meta-analysis of gatekeeper RCTs (doi 10.1186/s12889-025-21736-1) similarly found moderate gains in knowledge and self-efficacy with effects that decay over time, and no definitive results on behavior or suicide outcomes. Honest framing for the page: worth doing as one layer, unproven as a standalone fix.",
   "quote": "Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.",
   "source": "Zalsman G et al., Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review, Lancet Psychiatry 2016;3(7):646-659 (abstract via PubMed)",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27289303/"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-121",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "What works",
   "claim": "England's first Men's Health Strategy (November 2025) funds 3.6 million pounds over three years for suicide prevention projects aimed at middle-aged men in the highest-risk areas",
   "figure": "GBP 3.6 million over 3 years for middle-aged men's suicide prevention projects",
   "detail": "Department of Health and Social Care, announced 18 November 2025. The projects target areas of England where men are at most risk, including some of the most deprived areas, and are co-designed with experts and men with lived experience to break down stigma and lack of awareness of available help. The strategy also includes a partnership on the Premier League's Together Against Suicide initiative with the Samaritans to embed health messaging in the matchday experience. The press release states suicide is one of the biggest killers of men under 50 and three-quarters of all suicides are men.",
   "quote": "That's why the government is investing £3.6 million over the next 3 years in suicide prevention projects for middle-aged men in local communities across areas of England where men are at most risk of taking their own lives, including some of the most deprived areas in the country.",
   "source": "UK Department of Health and Social Care, press release: Government unveils England's first ever Men's Health Strategy, 19 November 2025",
   "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-unveils-englands-first-ever-mens-health-strategy"
  },
  {
   "id": "suicide-122",
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "topic": "Male suicide",
   "section": "What works",
   "claim": "Ireland's new ten-year strategy, Connecting for Life 2026-2035, sets a target suicide rate of 7 per 100,000 or below by 2035, after the rate fell by a third between 2000 and 2023",
   "figure": "Target: suicide rate 7 per 100,000 or below by 2035; rate fell 32% between 2000 and 2023",
   "detail": "Launched 27 May 2026 by the Irish government. The press release states the suicide rate has fallen by a third (32 percent) between 2000 and 2023, describing this as progress over the past two decades; it does not attribute the fall to any single strategy. What it funds: continued investment in Crisis Resolution Teams, Crisis Solace Cafes and Suicide Crisis Assessment Nurses, expanded access to alternatives to presenting to hospitals, enhanced suicide bereavement services, a new national postvention framework and improved inquest supports. Informed by nearly 1,900 public submissions. Separately, the HSE National Office for Suicide Prevention budget grew from about 5 million euro in 2012 to almost 15 million euro in 2025 (reported by healthmanager.ie; verify against the NOSP annual report before using that figure on the page).",
   "quote": "It includes an ambitious target to reduce the rate of suicide to 7 per 100,000 or below by 2035. The strategy builds on meaningful progress made over the past two decades, during which the suicide rate has fallen by a third (32%) between 2000 and 2023.",
   "source": "Government of Ireland, Department of Health, press release: Government launches Ireland's Strategy to Reduce Suicide and Self-harm: Connecting for Life 2026-2035, 27 May 2026",
   "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-health/press-releases/government-launches-irelands-strategy-to-reduce-suicide-and-self-harm-connecting-for-life-20262035/"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-123",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The convictions",
   "claim": "The ECtHR standard in contact-enforcement cases is a positive obligation under Article 8: the decisive question is whether the national authorities took all necessary steps to facilitate execution of contact that can reasonably be demanded in the special circumstances of each case, and the adequacy of a measure is judged by the swiftness of its implementation. The obligation is one of means, not result, and is not absolute.",
   "figure": "no. 62198/11",
   "detail": "The doctrine is sex-neutral in origin: it was built in Hokkanen v. Finland, no. 19823/92, 23 September 1994 (father applicant; violation of Article 8 for non-enforcement of his access rights from 10 May 1990 to 21 October 1993; no violation as to custody; HUDOC item 001-57911) and Ignaccolo-Zenide v. Romania, no. 31679/96, 25 January 2000 (mother applicant; violation of Article 8 for failure to enforce her return and contact rights; HUDOC item 001-58448). Kuppinger v. Germany, no. 62198/11, 15 January 2015, paras 101-103 restates the test, including that sanctions must not be ruled out in the event of unlawful behaviour by the parent with whom the child lives; the Court there found an Article 8 violation in the proceedings to enforce an interim contact decision, plus a violation of Article 13. This lets the page state the enforcement failure without any bias claim: the Court finds violations against states for slow and ineffective enforcement machinery, whoever the parent is, while stressing that the obligation is not absolute and that coercion is limited by the interests of all concerned. Use the full quote from Kuppinger para 102: \"the adequacy of a measure is to be judged by the swiftness of its implementation, as the passage of time can have irremediable consequences for relations between the child and the parent who do not cohabit\" (or close a shortened version with an ellipsis).",
   "quote": "the adequacy of a measure is to be judged by the swiftness of its implementation, as the passage of time can have irremediable consequences for relations between the child and the parent",
   "source": "Kuppinger v. Germany, no. 62198/11, ECtHR judgment 15 January 2015, paras 101-103, citing Hokkanen and Ignaccolo-Zenide (verified from judgment PDF)",
   "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-150299"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-124",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The convictions",
   "claim": "Ribic v. Croatia: the proceedings and their enforcement ran so long that the case decided itself. The father saw his son three times before the boy turned eighteen, and the ECtHR held this amounted to a de facto determination of the case in breach of Article 8.",
   "figure": "3 meetings before 18",
   "detail": "Ribic v. Croatia, no. 27148/12, judgment 2 April 2015, final 2 July 2015, First Section. Held unanimously: violation of Article 8. Para 97: custody and contact proceedings lasted seven years and eight months at two levels of jurisdiction, and the ensuing enforcement proceedings another six years and three months, within a total relevant period of thirteen years and eleven months ending when the son turned eighteen on 9 October 2011. Para 100: the authorities did not take the steps to facilitate reunion that could reasonably have been expected, and this resulted in a de facto determination of the matter. Per paras 8, 18 and 99, the three meetings were January 1994, Easter 1995 and 26 February 2000, the first two predating the proceedings; the quoted sentence is the Court's own wording in para 100. Award: EUR 25,000 non-pecuniary damage plus EUR 1,500 costs. Verified from the full judgment text on HUDOC.",
   "quote": "This resulted in a de facto determination of the matter at issue as the applicant had seen his son only three times before he turned eighteen.",
   "source": "ECtHR, Ribic v. Croatia, no. 27148/12, 2 April 2015 (First Section), paras 97-101 and operative provisions verified from judgment PDF",
   "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-153315"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-125",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The convictions",
   "claim": "Strumia v. Italy: the European Court of Human Rights found Italy in violation of Article 8 because the domestic courts failed to make adequate and sufficient efforts to ensure a father could actually exercise his visiting rights with his daughter. The case then stayed under Council of Europe execution supervision for more than eight years, until the Committee of Ministers closed it in March 2025.",
   "figure": "8.5 years to closure",
   "detail": "Strumia v. Italy, no. 53377/13, judgment 23 June 2016, final 23 September 2016. Official HUDOC conclusion: \"Violation of Article 8 - Right to respect for private and family life (Article 8-1 - Respect for family life)\"; ECLI:CE:ECHR:2016:0623JUD005337713; judgment text in French (HUDOC item 001-163918). The Committee of Ministers closed the case by Resolution CM/ResDH(2025)26, adopted 6 March 2025 at the 1521st meeting of the Ministers' Deputies (HUDOC item 001-242482), about 8.5 years after the judgment became final. The resolution covers Strumia and the parallel father case Imeri v. Italy, no. 24984/20 (judgment 28 April 2022, final same day); the quoted basis of the violations is from that resolution. Caveats the resolution states: closure concerned the individual measures only, after just satisfaction was paid, contacts between the applicants and their daughters were re-established, and in one of the two cases the daughter came of age; the general measures against similar violations remain under Committee of Ministers supervision within the Terna v. Italy group of cases, no. 21052/18, so closure in no way prejudged the evaluation of the general measures required.",
   "quote": "the violations of Article 8 established on account of the domestic court's failure to make adequate and sufficient efforts to ensure that the applicants could exercise their visiting rights with respect to their daughters",
   "source": "ECtHR HUDOC case record, Strumia v. Italy, no. 53377/13; Committee of Ministers Resolution CM/ResDH(2025)26, adopted 6 March 2025",
   "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-163918"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-126",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The convictions",
   "claim": "Improta v. Italy: it took the Naples Youth Court about two years and eight months to rule on a father's application for shared custody and more extensive contact with his infant daughter, during which the mother unilaterally limited him to seeing the child twice a week for half an hour in her presence; the ECtHR found a violation of Article 8.",
   "figure": "32 months to ruling",
   "detail": "Improta v. Italy, no. 66396/14, judgment 4 May 2017. The daughter was born on 25 March 2010; the parents separated shortly afterwards and the mother decided unilaterally that the father could see the child only twice a week for half an hour, with her present. In November 2010 the father applied to the Naples Youth Court for shared custody and more extensive contact. The expert report was filed only in January 2013, and the first-instance decision came on 2 July 2013, awarding joint custody, fixing the child's residence with the mother and setting contact arrangements for the father. The Naples Court of Appeal upheld that decision on 19 March 2014, and a cassation appeal was still pending when the ECtHR ruled. Held: violation of Article 8; just satisfaction EUR 3,000 non-pecuniary damage plus EUR 12,000 costs and expenses. Facts and holding verified from the Registrar's English press release ECHR 147 (2017) of 4 May 2017; official conclusion verified in the HUDOC record (English judgment item 001-173581): \"Violation of Article 8 - Right to respect for private and family life (Article 8-1 - Respect for family life)\".",
   "quote": "The case concerned his inability to exercise his right of contact because of the opposition of his child's mother.",
   "source": "ECtHR, Improta v. Italy, no. 66396/14, 4 May 2017; Registrar's press release ECHR 147 (2017), 04.05.2017",
   "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-173581"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-127",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The convictions",
   "claim": "Terna v. Italy: courts ordered visits twice and social services simply never organised them; the ECtHR found an Article 8 violation for non-enforcement while rejecting the separate discrimination complaint, showing these convictions rest on enforcement failure, not on any judicial bias finding.",
   "figure": "2 orders, 0 visits",
   "detail": "Terna v. Italy, no. 21052/18, judgment 14 January 2021 (First Section). Held: violation of Article 8 (failure to implement the applicant grandmother's court-ordered visiting rights with the granddaughter she had raised from birth) and no violation of Article 14 taken with Article 8 (the alleged discrimination, based on the child's Roma origin, was not made out). The applicant here was a woman, which supports the page's line that the Convention standard protects the parent-child bond as such, not fathers specifically. Judgment: HUDOC item 001-207562; quoted summary from the Court's official Information Note 247 (Legal summary, HUDOC item 002-13085).",
   "quote": "the court twice ordered the social welfare services to organise the visits in such a way as to guarantee the anonymity of the home where the child had been placed, but those services at no stage acted on the court's orders",
   "source": "ECtHR, Terna v. Italy, no. 21052/18, 14 January 2021; ECtHR Information Note 247, January 2021 (legal summary)",
   "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=002-13085"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-128",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The convictions",
   "claim": "What the Court's own statistics do and do not show: the annual Violations by Article and by State table publishes, per state, how many judgments found a violation of the combined category 'Right to respect for private and family life' (2024: Poland 8, Italy 3, Croatia 1), but it contains no breakdown by sub-issue (such as contact enforcement) and none by the applicant parent's sex, so the bias question cannot be answered from the Court's published statistics.",
   "figure": "No sex breakdown",
   "detail": "Verified by parsing the Court's official 2024 table 'Violations by Article and by State' (echr.coe.int document stats-violation-2024-eng; archived copy at https://web.archive.org/web/20250206190129/https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/stats-violation-2024-eng). The table has a single Article 8 column covering private and family life together. State rows verified: Poland, 35 judgments, 35 with at least one violation, 8 in the Article 8 column; Italy, 58 judgments, 51 with at least one violation, 3 in the Article 8 column; Croatia, 22 judgments, 21 with at least one violation, 1 in the Article 8 column. This supports the honest gap framing: convictions are counted and public, outcome-by-parent statistics are not.",
   "quote": "Right to respect for private and family life",
   "source": "ECtHR, Violations by Article and by State 2024 (official statistical table)",
   "url": "https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/stats-violation-2024-eng"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-129",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The missing number",
   "claim": "What Norway does publish is survey data on where children live after break-up. SSB's 2020 survey shows 43 percent of previously cohabiting parents practised delt bosted, up from 25 percent in the 2012 survey, while the share of children living with mother fell from 62 percent in 2012 to 49 percent in 2020 and 7 percent lived with father. In the broader SSB series covering all parents living apart, delt bosted rose from 8 percent in 2002 to 39 percent in 2020, and the share of children living with mother fell from 84 percent in 2002 to 54 percent in 2020.",
   "figure": "43%, up from 25%",
   "detail": "SSB Rapporter 2022/53, Delt bosted for barn etter samlivsbrudd: nye utviklingstrekk og kjennetegn, based on the survey Samvaer og bosted 2020. The 43, 25, 62, 49 and 7 percent figures are the report's own; the 2002 figures (8 percent delt bosted, 84 percent with mother) come from the earlier all-parents series in SSB's 2002 and 2012 surveys (Bosted og samvaer 2002, 2004 og 2012), and the all-parents 2020 figures of 39 percent delt bosted and 54 percent with mother are cited in NOU 2024:8. The two series have different bases and must not be merged into one trend. These are survey figures covering all separated parents, mostly private arrangements, and are therefore not court-outcome statistics. Parents with delt bosted spend on average 50 percent of the time with the children.",
   "quote": "Rapporten bekrefter at 43 prosent av foreldrene som tidligere har bodd sammen har delt bosted ... Andelen barn som bor fast med mor har sunket tilsvarende, fra 62 prosent i 2012 til 49 prosent i 2020. Andelen barn fra opploste familier som bor hos far er fortsatt lav (7 prosent).",
   "source": "Statistisk sentralbyra, Rapporter 2022/53",
   "url": "https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/barn-familier-og-husholdninger/artikler/delt-bosted-for-barn-etter-samlivsbrudd.nye-utviklingstrekk-og-kjennetegn"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-130",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The missing number",
   "claim": "Denmark's official family law reporting covers case volumes and processing times, not outcomes. The annual report on Familieretshuset and the family courts tabulates incoming section 6 and section 7 cases, cases transferred to the family courts, cases the courts concluded and cases settled, split only by case type, with no breakdown of results by parent sex.",
   "figure": "7,075 in Q1, no outcomes",
   "detail": "The 2023 annual report (Rapport om det familieretlige system og samarbejdet mellem familieretterne og Familieretshuset 2023, Tables 1 to 4) counts cases received and visiteret as section 6 or section 7 (Table 1, Familieretshuset data), cases sent to the family courts (Table 2, whose 2023 figures alone are split into samvaer cases versus bopael and/or foraeldremyndighed cases), cases the family courts concluded (Table 3, behandlet) and cases the courts settled (Table 4, forligt), with Tables 3 and 4 based on Domstolsstyrelsen data and split only by section 6 versus section 7. In Q1 2023 Familieretshuset received 7,075 incoming cases visiteret as section 6 or 7 (1,816 section 6 interim, 1,736 section 6, 3,523 section 7). Familieretshuset counts a case covering both custody and contact as two cases, and the report notes figures can change with corrected registrations. Familieretshuset separately publishes sagsbehandlingstider, including for samvaer, bopael and foraeldremyndighed. Nothing in these official case statistics reports how often mothers versus fathers obtain residence, custody or contact.",
   "quote": "Tallene for 2023 er endvidere delt op i henholdsvis sager om samvær og sager om bopæl og/eller forældremyndighed.",
   "source": "Familieretshuset, Arlig rapport om behandlingen af familieretlige sager 2023",
   "url": "https://familieretshuset.dk/media/2194/rapport-om-det-familieretlige-system-og-samarbejdet-mellem-familieretterne-og-familieretshuset-2023.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-131",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The missing number",
   "claim": "Norway does not keep detailed statistics on the parental disputes decided in its district courts, where most such cases end; this is stated in NOU 2024:8 itself, on information from the Courts Administration, and it is why the bias question cannot be settled with published data.",
   "figure": "No detailed tingrett data",
   "detail": "NOU 2024:8 section 4.4.9 (Fedre i foreldretvister i domstolene), footnote sourced to Domstolsadministrasjonen. What IS published or studied: research samples of appellate judgments, which point in different directions. Skjorten's analysis of residence disputes in selected periods 1998 to 2015 found a relatively even distribution of outcomes with a small edge for the mother; Martinsen 2016 (23 appellate decisions from 2011) found residence with mother in 54 percent and father in 43 percent; Dybfest 2019 (63 disputes 2017 to 2018) found mother 59 percent, father 36 percent; Haugli 2008 (57 appellate decisions from 2002) found father 58 percent, mother 40 percent. The NOU also notes courts used their power to impose delt bosted in only 1.4 percent (2012) and 1.7 percent (2015) of the analyzed cases.",
   "quote": "Det fores ikke detaljert statistikk om foreldretvistsakene som behandles i tingrettene.",
   "source": "NOU 2024:8 Likestillingens neste steg (Mannsutvalget), section 4.4.9",
   "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/6571a61b163e49f593eee6ab7a338ff6/no/pdfs/nou202420240008000dddpdfs.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-132",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The evidence on shared care",
   "claim": "In a national Swedish classroom survey of 147,839 sixth and ninth graders, children in joint physical custody reported fewer psychosomatic problems than children living mostly or only with one parent, though more than children in intact families. The differences shrank but largely persisted after adjustment for age, origin, material resources and parent-child relationships; in the fully adjusted model the gap for boys living mostly with one parent was no longer statistically significant.",
   "figure": "N = 147,839",
   "detail": "Bergstrom M, Fransson E, Modin B, Berlin M, Gustafsson PA, Hjern A, Fifty moves a year: is there an association between joint physical custody and psychosomatic problems in children?, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2015;69:769-774, open access, externally peer reviewed. National classroom survey conducted 2009 by Statistics Sweden: 207,700 pupils eligible, 172,391 (83 percent) participated, 147,839 with complete data analysed. Sex-specific two-level random intercept linear regression on z-transformed PsychoSomatic Problems scale scores, school-level clustering, joint physical custody as reference. Fully adjusted coefficients were small (0.03 to 0.05 for single care groups versus joint custody; for boys mostly with one parent the CI was -0.00 to 0.05, not significant). Cross-sectional design; the authors state longitudinal studies with information on family factors before and after separation are needed, and acknowledge missing data on parental conflict, socioeconomic status and time since separation, so selection into joint custody cannot be excluded. Frame strictly as an association, never as proof that shared care causes better outcomes. Do not call it the largest Nordic study; the paper makes no such claim and the same survey underlies companion papers with larger analytic samples. Safe descriptor: one of the largest national datasets on shared care and child health.",
   "quote": "Children in joint physical custody suffered from less psychosomatic problems than those living mostly or only with one parent but reported more symptoms than those in nuclear families.",
   "source": "Bergstrom et al., J Epidemiol Community Health 2015;69:769-774 (peer reviewed)",
   "url": "https://jech.bmj.com/content/69/8/769"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-133",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The evidence on shared care",
   "claim": "In Nielsen's 2018 review of the 60 English-language studies she identified comparing joint and sole physical custody, joint-custody children had better outcomes on all measures in 34 studies, and in only 6 were they worse on any single measure (while equal or better on the rest). Nielsen frames the result as a link, not proof of cause.",
   "figure": "34 of 60 studies",
   "detail": "Nielsen L (2018) Joint versus sole physical custody: Outcomes for children independent of family income or parental conflict, Journal of Child Custody, vol 15 no 1, pp 35-54, DOI 10.1080/15379418.2017.1422414 (companion 60-studies article in Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, vol 59 no 4, pp 247-281, DOI 10.1080/10502556.2018.1454204). Verbatim counts from the abstract, verified against the published PDF: better on all measures in 34 studies; equal on some and better on others in 14; equal on all in 6; worse on one measure but equal or better on all others in 6. In the 19 studies that factored in parental conflict: better on all measures in 9, equal to better in 5, equal in 2, and worse on one measure but equal or better on others in 3. So the published comparisons do not show that parental conflict erases the association. Two caveats to carry with the figure. First, the 60 studies are the set identified by Nielsen's own database search (she reports including all 60 found, English-language only), and the review tallies studies rather than pooling effect sizes; it is not a meta-analysis, and critics such as Steinbach (2019) contest the framing. Second, Nielsen's own limitations section says the studies are correlational and that none can prove the custody arrangement, income, or conflict caused the outcomes, so self-selection of cooperative, better-resourced parents into joint custody cannot be excluded.",
   "quote": "In sum, independent of family income or parental conflict, JPC is generally linked to better outcomes for children.",
   "source": "Nielsen L (2018), Journal of Child Custody (60-study review; abstract verified against the published PDF)",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2017.1422414"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-134",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The evidence on shared care",
   "claim": "A peer-reviewed synthesis of the joint-custody literature warns that the research samples are dominated by self-selected, highly educated, low-conflict families, and concludes that the risks and benefits of joint physical custody are not clear yet. Every outcome sentence on the page has to survive inside this caveat.",
   "figure": "40 studies, 2007-2018",
   "detail": "Steinbach A (2019) Children's and Parents' Well-Being in Joint Physical Custody: A Literature Review, Family Process 58(2): 353-369, DOI 10.1111/famp.12372 (first published online 2 July 2018), reviewing 40 studies from North America, Australia and Europe published 2007 to 2018. She finds empirical evidence that JPC arrangements can have positive effects on the well-being of children and of parents, but the existing studies are conceptually, methodologically and contextually very heterogeneous. Verbatim caveat, per the publisher abstract as indexed by PubMed (PMID 29963700) and Semantic Scholar: \"self-selected highly educated parents with a high socio-economic status, a low conflict level, and children between the ages of 6-15 practicing JPC dominate the samples. Thus, the risks and benefits of JPC are not clear yet and are heavily debated by advocates and academics.\" Together with Nielsen 2018, where 19 of 60 studies took parental conflict into account but only 4 used statistical controls for it (see FACT 22), the honest statement of the conflict question is: the published comparisons do not show high conflict erasing the association, but the samples underrepresent high-conflict and court-imposed arrangements, so the literature cannot yet answer what happens when equal care is imposed on warring parents.",
   "quote": "self-selected highly educated parents with a high socioeconomic status, a low conflict level, and children between the ages of 6 and 15 practicing JPC dominate the samples. Thus, the risks and benefits of JPC are not clear yet",
   "source": "Steinbach A (2019), Family Process 58(2): 353-369 (abstract verified verbatim against the published PDF)",
   "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/famp.12372"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-135",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The reform record, both directions",
   "claim": "England and Wales are reversing too, but the repeal is announced rather than completed: on 22 October 2025 the UK Government announced (written ministerial statement HCWS979) that it will repeal the presumption of parental involvement in section 1(2A) of the Children Act 1989, and as of the July 2026 record the legislation had not yet passed.",
   "figure": "Announced, not law",
   "detail": "The presumption was introduced by the Children and Families Act 2014. The announcement followed the Ministry of Justice review of the presumption, which found unsupervised contact was the most likely outcome even in cases with abuse allegations. Legal commentary records the repeal being carried in the Courts and Tribunals Bill (reported as introduced 25 February 2026, repealing section 1(2A), (2B), (6) and (7)); the Transparency Project explainer (source of the quote) and a July 2026 practitioner article both confirm the repeal was not yet law. Official statement record: https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-statements/detail/2025-10-22/hcws979 (Cloudflare-gated, could not be fetched directly). The page should say announced and in progress, not repealed.",
   "quote": "The government has stated that the legislation will be amended to remove the presumption 'when parliamentary time allows' which does sound rather vague.",
   "source": "The Transparency Project explainer; UK written ministerial statement HCWS979 of 22 October 2025",
   "url": "https://transparencyproject.org.uk/repealing-the-presumption-an-explainer/"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-136",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The reform record, both directions",
   "claim": "The reform record cuts both ways: Australia repealed its presumption of equal shared parental responsibility. The Family Law Amendment Act 2023 (Cth), No. 87 of 2023, assented to on 6 November 2023, removed the section 61DA presumption from the Family Law Act 1975 with effect from 6 May 2024; courts now allocate parental responsibility on the child's best interests alone.",
   "figure": "Repealed 6 May 2024",
   "detail": "Act identity, number, assent date and Schedule 1 (Parenting framework) verified on the Federal Register of Legislation; the abolition of the presumption and the 6 May 2024 commencement verified via Australian legal commentary (Go To Court Lawyers legal news, which is the source of the quote). Australia adopted the presumption in 2006 and repealed it after reviews found it was misunderstood as an entitlement to equal time and could compromise safety. Any page arguing for presumptions in Norway must carry this reversal to stay credible.",
   "quote": "One of the most important changes in the Bill is the abolition of the presumption of equal shared parental responsibility.",
   "source": "Federal Register of Legislation (Australia); quote from Go To Court Lawyers summary",
   "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2023A00087/latest/text"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-137",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The reform record, both directions",
   "claim": "Belgium's law of 18 July 2006 made equal residence the first option the court must examine when at least one parent requests it. It is a priority of examination, not a presumption, and it remains in force.",
   "figure": "In force since 2006",
   "detail": "The Loi du 18 juillet 2006 tendant a privilegier l'hebergement egalitaire de l'enfant dont les parents sont separes et reglementant l'execution forcee en matiere d'hebergement d'enfant (Moniteur belge 4 September 2006, numac 2006009678) amended article 374 of the Civil Code, today the old Civil Code. Absent parental agreement, and where parental authority is joint, the court (since 2014 the family court) must examine equal residence first at the request of at least one parent. It may still find equal residence inappropriate and order unequal residence, and in every case it must rule by a judgment specially reasoned on the concrete circumstances of the case and the interests of the children and parents. The distinction matters for the page: Belgium never enacted an automatic 50/50 rule or a legal presumption, only a priority of examination, and the provision has stood without repeal for two decades.",
   "quote": "le tribunal examine prioritairement, à la demande d'un des parents au moins, la possibilité de fixer l'hébergement de l'enfant de manière égalitaire entre ses parents",
   "source": "Moniteur belge, Loi du 18 juillet 2006, n. 2006009678 (official journal copy at etaamb.openjustice.be)",
   "url": "https://etaamb.openjustice.be/fr/loi-du-18-juillet-2006_n2006009678.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-138",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The reform record, both directions",
   "claim": "Kentucky in 2018 became the first US state to enact a rebuttable presumption that joint custody and equally shared parenting time is in the child's best interests for final custody orders, and the presumption is still in the statute in its current 2026 revision.",
   "figure": "First US state, 2018",
   "detail": "House Bill 528 (2018 Ky. Acts ch. 198) amended KRS 403.270, effective 14 July 2018. The presumption in KRS 403.270(2) is rebuttable by a preponderance of evidence and is subject to KRS 403.315 on domestic violence; the court must first consider domestic violence and abuse allegations and make written findings before other factors. Where equal time is not warranted, the statute directs the court to construct a schedule which maximizes the time each parent has with the child consistent with ensuring the child's welfare. The official statute text as amended through 2026 (effective 15 July 2026 revision) retains the presumption, so Kentucky is a reform that has held, unlike Australia.",
   "quote": "there shall be a presumption, rebuttable by a preponderance of evidence, that joint custody and equally shared parenting time is in the best interests of the child",
   "source": "Kentucky Revised Statutes 403.270(2), official text, Kentucky Legislature (enacted by HB 528, 2018 Ky. Acts ch. 198)",
   "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=57567"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-139",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The reform record, both directions",
   "claim": "In Denmark, custody under the Parental Responsibility Act means legal custody only, and it is estimated to be shared in over 90 percent of cases. Since 2019 the law has allowed registered shared residence (delt bopael), but only by parental agreement: it is voluntary, unilaterally revocable, and cannot be established in court. When parents disagree, the child's residence is listed with one parent, and shared time is possible only through the contact rules.",
   "figure": "90%+ shared legal custody",
   "detail": "Under Foraeldreansvarsloven, custody refers to legal custody exclusively and is estimated to be shared in over 90 percent of cases (Sandberg 2023). Since 2019 the law technically allows shared residence if both parents agree, but Sandberg notes it has little legal significance: \"it can only be introduced voluntarily, it can be revoked unilaterally, it cannot be established in court\", and the child remains formally registered at one address for most purposes. When parents disagree, residence is listed with one parent, and shared parenting can then only be practiced through the visitation rules, under which authorities can set contact up to half the time. So the honest framing is precise: Danish courts cannot order shared residence status, not that equal time is legally impossible. Despite the agreement-only rule, equal living arrangements among Danish children of separated parents grew from 15 percent in 2009 to 29 percent in 2013, 37 percent in 2017 and 41 percent in 2021 (Sandberg 2023, citing Ottosen et al. 2022), though the trend reversed for young children, with 3-year-olds falling from 36 percent in 2013 to 21 percent in 2017. If the site keeps the 2007 date of the act or the 1 April 2019 creation of Familieretshuset and the family court, source those separately to Danish primary law, since Sandberg does not date either.",
   "quote": "it can only be introduced voluntarily, it can be revoked unilaterally, it cannot be established in court",
   "source": "Sandberg K (2023) Shared parenting and father involvement after divorce in Denmark, Frontiers in Psychology 14:1223574",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1223574"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-140",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The Nordic core",
   "claim": "The European Court of Human Rights has found a Nordic state in breach of the Convention for failing to enforce a father's court-ordered contact: in Hokkanen v. Finland the Court held unanimously that the non-enforcement of the applicant father's access rights over more than three years violated Article 8.",
   "figure": "3+ years unenforced",
   "detail": "Hokkanen v. Finland, application no. 19823/92, Chamber judgment of 23 September 1994. Verified against the full judgment text on HUDOC. The Court held that Article 8 includes positive obligations inherent in effective respect for family life, including a parent's right to have measures taken with a view to reunification with the child. In the operative part the Court held unanimously that the non-enforcement of the father's right of access from 10 May 1990 until 21 October 1993 violated Article 8, and by six votes to three that there was no violation thereafter. For balance: the same judgment also held, by six votes to three, that the non-enforcement of the father's right of custody and the subsequent transfer of custody to the grandparents did not violate Article 8. The standing Strasbourg principle survives intact: a state that leaves contact judgments unenforced can itself be in breach of the Convention.",
   "quote": "Holds unanimously that the non-enforcement of the applicant's right of access from 10 May 1990 until 21 October 1993 constituted a violation of Article 8 (art. 8) of the Convention",
   "source": "European Court of Human Rights, HUDOC",
   "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57911"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-141",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The Nordic core",
   "claim": "Norway's Supreme Court in HR-2024-1686-A (23 September 2024) confirmed on the record that a daughter lived with her mother for extended periods despite a binding in-court settlement and a later judgment placing her with her father, and held that the father still had to pay child support because support follows where the child actually lives.",
   "figure": "HR-2024-1686-A",
   "detail": "Judgment by Justice Thyness, no dissent recorded. Facts per Lovdata: rettsforlik of January 2019 and a subsequent judgment fixed the daughter's residence with the father; she nonetheless lived with the mother, and Nav ordered the father to pay bidrag under barneloven section 67 for those periods. The Supreme Court upheld the Nav decision: what counts is where the child actually lives, not what a binding decision says. Use this as the enforcement-gap exhibit (a binding residence decision was not effectuated for years and the legal system priced that in), not as a fathers-rights victory. It contains no ECHR Article 8 discussion.",
   "quote": "Et barn hadde i perioder bodd hos moren til tross for at det ved et rettsforlik og etterfølgende dom var bestemt at hun skulle bo hos faren.",
   "source": "Norges Høyesterett via Lovdata",
   "url": "https://lovdata.no/dokument/HRSIV/avgjorelse/hr-2024-1686-a"
  },
  {
   "id": "familylaw-142",
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "topic": "Family law and Article 8",
   "section": "The Nordic core",
   "claim": "Under Norwegian law, a decision or enforceable agreement on contact (samvaer) can only be enforced by a coercive fine (tvangsbot); physical collection of the child is reserved for decisions on parental responsibility and fixed residence, the fine goes to the state treasury rather than the deprived parent, and no enforcement may proceed against the child's will unless the court finds it necessary out of consideration for the child.",
   "figure": "Tvangsbot only",
   "detail": "Barnelova (Act of 8 April 1981 no. 7) section 65, verified against the consolidated text on Lovdata as in force in 2026 (provision last amended by Act of 25 April 2025 no. 12, in force 1 January 2026; the sentences relied on are unchanged). Exact wording, with Norwegian characters preserved: 'Avgjerd eller avtale med tvangskraft om samværsrett kan berre tvangsfullførast ved tvangsbot.' By contrast: 'Avgjerd eller avtale med tvangskraft om foreldreansvar og kvar barnet skal bu fast, kan tvangsfullførast ved henting eller tvangsbot.' Also verified in the current text: 'Bota går til statskassa'; collection happens only when the entitled parent requests it and covers at most eight weeks at a time; no fine is set where fulfilling contact is impossible, for example where there is a risk of violence or other treatment endangering the child's physical or mental health (the same limit applies to enforcement of residence and parental responsibility); and 'Tvangsfullføring skal ikkje skje mot barnet sin vilje, med mindre retten kjem til at det er naudsynt av omsyn til barnet', a limit that applies to all enforcement under section 65, including collection of the child, not only contact. Since 1 January 2026 the fine is collected by Innkrevjingsmyndigheita, and the court may make practical adjustments, such as changing pick-up and delivery times, to facilitate contact. These statutory limits are the primary-source basis for the line that contact enforcement is structurally weak.",
   "quote": "Avgjerd eller avtale med tvangskraft om samvaersrett kan berre tvangsfullforast ved tvangsbot.",
   "source": "Lovdata, Lov om barn og foreldre (barnelova) section 65",
   "url": "https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1981-04-08-7"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-143",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The gap that is measured everywhere",
   "claim": "In PISA 2022, girls outperformed boys in reading by 24 score points on average across OECD countries.",
   "figure": "24 pts",
   "detail": "PISA 2022 tested 15-year-olds in 81 countries and economies, with results published December 2023. The 24-point figure is the OECD average, not a single country. For comparison, boys led girls in mathematics by nine points on the same OECD average.",
   "quote": "Boys outperformed girls in mathematics by nine score points and girls outperformed boys in reading by 24 score points on average across OECD countries.",
   "source": "OECD, PISA 2022 Results Volume I, Executive Summary",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i_53f23881-en/full-report/executive-summary_077a9867.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-144",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The gap that is measured everywhere",
   "claim": "In PISA 2022, 31 percent of boys and 22 percent of girls scored below Level 2 in reading on average across OECD countries.",
   "figure": "31% vs 22%",
   "detail": "Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency level, at which students can at minimum identify the main idea in a text of moderate length. Scope is 15-year-olds, OECD average, PISA 2022. In 78 out of 80 countries and economies with data, a larger share of boys than girls were low performers in reading.",
   "quote": "On average across OECD countries in PISA 2022, 31% of boys and 22% of girls did not attain the baseline level of proficiency in reading, Level 2",
   "source": "OECD, PISA 2022 Results Volume I, Chapter 4: Equity in education in PISA 2022",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2023/12/pisa-2022-results-volume-i_76772a36/full-report/equity-in-education-in-pisa-2022_4008c06e.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-145",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The gap that is measured everywhere",
   "claim": "In Norway, girls outperformed boys in reading by 42 score points in PISA 2022, one of the eight widest gaps among all 81 participating countries and economies.",
   "figure": "42 pts",
   "detail": "The OECD country note for Norway also reports that 34 percent of boys and 20 percent of girls scored below Level 2 in reading. Volume I lists Norway among the eight systems with reading gaps of 40 points or more, alongside Albania, Qatar, Slovenia, the United Arab Emirates, Finland, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority. Norway's sample was 6611 students in 267 schools.",
   "quote": "Boys and girls performed at similar levels on average in mathematics but girls outperformed boys in reading by 42 score points in Norway.",
   "source": "OECD, PISA 2022 Results Country Notes: Norway",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i-and-ii-country-notes_ed6fbcc5-en/norway_9410c758-en.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-146",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The gap that is measured everywhere",
   "claim": "In Finland, girls outperformed boys in reading by 45 score points in PISA 2022, and the share of boys below Level 2 in reading was double the share of girls.",
   "figure": "45 pts",
   "detail": "The OECD country note for Finland reports 28 percent of boys and 14 percent of girls below Level 2 in reading. At the top end, 12 percent of girls and 6 percent of boys reached Level 5 or 6. Scope is 15-year-olds in PISA 2022.",
   "quote": "Girls outperformed boys in mathematics by 5 score points and in reading by 45 score points in Finland.",
   "source": "OECD, PISA 2022 Results Country Notes: Finland",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i-and-ii-country-notes_ed6fbcc5-en/finland_6991e849-en.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-147",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The gap that is measured everywhere",
   "claim": "In Denmark, girls outperformed boys in reading by 21 score points in PISA 2022, while 23 percent of boys and 15 percent of girls scored below Level 2.",
   "figure": "21 pts",
   "detail": "Denmark has one of the smaller reading gaps in the Nordic region, close to the OECD average of 24 points, against 42 in Norway and 45 in Finland. The below Level 2 shares are from the OECD country note for Denmark, PISA 2022, 15-year-olds.",
   "quote": "Boys outperformed girls in mathematics by 12 score points; girls outperformed boys in reading by 21 score points in Denmark.",
   "source": "OECD, PISA 2022 Results Country Notes: Denmark",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i-and-ii-country-notes_ed6fbcc5-en/denmark_8b15948c-en.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-148",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The gap that is measured everywhere",
   "claim": "In PISA 2018, girls significantly outperformed boys in reading in every participating country and economy, by almost 30 score points on average across OECD countries.",
   "figure": "every country",
   "detail": "The OECD states in this same chapter that PISA has consistently found girls outperforming boys in reading, but the chapter predates PISA 2022 and nowhere enumerates a wave-by-wave count, so do not claim a specific tally such as eight of eight. The gap has narrowed rather than widened: almost 30 points on the OECD average in 2018 against 24 points in 2022. The every-country result is scoped to PISA 2018 only; in PISA 2022 girls scored above boys in 79 of 81 countries and economies, with the difference not statistically significant in Chile and Costa Rica.",
   "quote": "In all countries and economies that participated in PISA 2018, girls significantly outperformed boys in reading",
   "source": "OECD, PISA 2018 Results Volume II, Chapter 7: Girls' and boys' performance in PISA",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2018-results-volume-ii_b5fd1b8f-en/full-report/component-13.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-149",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The gap that is measured everywhere",
   "claim": "In PIRLS 2021, fourth grade girls had higher reading achievement than boys in 51 of the 57 participating countries.",
   "figure": "51 of 57",
   "detail": "PIRLS is the IEA's international reading study of fourth graders, a different population from PISA's 15-year-olds, so the gap is already present well before secondary school. In the remaining six countries the difference was not statistically significant, and in none of the 57 was boys' achievement significantly higher; the no-difference cases include Spain, the Czech Republic, Israel, Malta and Iran. Source discrepancy to be aware of before publishing any point figure: the IEA press release of 16 May 2023 states an average difference of 19 points, while the PIRLS 2021 International Results report gives an average girls' advantage of 18 points across all 57 countries and 16 points across the 43 countries that collected data on schedule. Lead with 51 of 57, and if a size figure is needed use 18 points attributed to the international report rather than 19 from the press release.",
   "quote": "Girls had higher reading achievement than boys in 51 of the 57 PIRLS 2021 countries, with an average difference of 19 points.",
   "source": "IEA, PIRLS 2021 International Results in Reading, press release 16 May 2023",
   "url": "https://www.iea.nl/sites/default/files/2023-05/IEA-Press-Release-PIRLS2021-16-May-2023.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-150",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What changes when the name is hidden",
   "claim": "When Israeli matriculation exams were graded blind by external examiners, boys did better relative to girls than on the same subjects graded by their own teachers, in every one of the nine subjects studied.",
   "figure": "9 of 9 subjects",
   "detail": "Victor Lavy compared the blind state matriculation score with the non-blind school score for the same student in Israeli Jewish secular high schools, using Ministry of Education records for the three cohorts of high-school seniors 2000 to 2002, with the main table (Table 2) estimated on 2001 data. Across nine subjects (chemistry, computer science, mathematics, physics, bible studies, biology, English, history, literature) the estimated coefficient on male interacted with the non-blind score ran from 0.053 standard deviations against boys in literature to 0.180 in English, with standard errors clustered at school level. Lavy states these estimates were negative and significantly different from zero in all nine subjects; note that the smallest, chemistry at 0.058 with a standard error of 0.033, clears only the 10 percent level, so do not lean on the chemistry column. Mathematics alone had 109,928 stacked observations across 363 schools. The sample excludes Arab and Jewish State-Religious schools because many are gender segregated.",
   "quote": "These estimates were negative and significantly different from zero in all nine subjects.",
   "source": "Lavy, Journal of Public Economics 92(10-11), pp. 2083-2105, \"Do gender stereotypes reduce girls' or boys' human capital outcomes? Evidence from a natural experiment\" (DOI 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.02.009)",
   "url": "https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/vlavy/lavy_j.public.e_10.2008_gender_steriotypes.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-151",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What changes when the name is hidden",
   "claim": "In French grade 6 mathematics, boys were ahead of girls on the externally graded national test but behind them on their own teachers' grades.",
   "figure": "0.32 SD",
   "detail": "Camille Terrier's dataset follows 4,490 pupils in 191 classes across 35 middle schools, mostly in deprived areas of the Creteil education district in France, from grade 6 (age 11) to grade 9. The national test is set by the French Education Ministry, is identical across schools and is graded externally by markers who do not know pupils' names, genders, social backgrounds or behaviour. At the beginning of grade 6 in mathematics, girls' mean score was 0.147 standard deviations below boys' on the blind test and 0.170 standard deviations above boys' on their own teachers' non-blind scores, a swing of about 0.32 SD. In French language the gap favoured girls on both measures (0.434 blind, 0.460 non-blind). Terrier states these schools are mostly in deprived areas and do not perfectly represent all French pupils.",
   "quote": "boys outperform girls when grades are blind, but the opposite is true when teachers assess their own pupils",
   "source": "Terrier, Economics of Education Review 77, article 101981, \"Boys lag behind: How teachers' gender biases affect student achievement\" (DOI 10.1016/j.econedurev.2020.101981)",
   "url": "https://blueprintcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Boys-Lag-Behind-How-Teachers-Gender-Biases-Affect-Student-Achievement_June-2020.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-152",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What changes when the name is hidden",
   "claim": "Teachers' grading gap accounted for 6 percent of the ground boys lost to girls in mathematics over four years of French middle school.",
   "figure": "6%",
   "detail": "In the same French dataset, Terrier's difference-in-differences estimate for third-term grade 6 mathematics is 0.259 standard deviations in girls' favour (standard error 0.035, 7,714 observations, class fixed effects); conditional on blind scores, boys' non-blind mathematics scores were 5.2 percent lower than girls'. Assigning a teacher who is one standard deviation more biased against boys reduces boys' progress relative to girls by 0.123 SD in mathematics and 0.106 SD in French. Boys fell behind girls by 0.205 SD in mathematics over the four years of middle school, and Terrier attributes 6 percent of that to teachers' gender bias. She also reports that without the grading bias in favour of girls, the gender gap in choosing a high-school science track would be 12.5 percent larger in favour of boys. Terrier states she cannot fully separate grading bias from evaluation methods and classroom behaviour.",
   "quote": "Over the four years of middle school, teachers' gender bias against boys accounts for 6% of boys falling behind girls in math.",
   "source": "Terrier, Economics of Education Review 77, article 101981, \"Boys lag behind: How teachers' gender biases affect student achievement\" (DOI 10.1016/j.econedurev.2020.101981)",
   "url": "https://blueprintcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Boys-Lag-Behind-How-Teachers-Gender-Biases-Affect-Student-Achievement_June-2020.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-153",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What changes when the name is hidden",
   "claim": "Czech ninth-graders with identical scores on an anonymously marked mathematics test received report card grades about 0.6 grade points apart, with girls given the better grades.",
   "figure": "0.6 grade",
   "detail": "Daniel Munich and Tomas Protivinsky matched anonymously scored Scio admission test results taken in spring 2014 with the mathematics and Czech language grades on the same pupils' most recent half-year report cards. The sample is 4,880 pupils (2,563 girls, 2,317 boys) in the final year of basic school, from four Czech regions where the Scio tests were compulsory. On the Czech 1 to 5 scale, where 1 is the best grade, a boy graded 3 in mathematics scored about the same on the anonymous test as a girl graded 2.4, so girls received the better mark. The authors report that a model with school fixed effects confirmed the result, so it is not driven by differences between schools. In Czech language this study found no grading difference between boys and girls with the same test results, calling it negligible and on the edge of statistical significance. The peer-reviewed version is Protivinsky and Munich, Studies in Educational Evaluation 59 (2018), 141-149, DOI 10.1016/j.stueduc.2018.07.006, whose abstract reports bias in favour of girls in both subjects. The authors name gender differences in socio-emotional or non-cognitive skills, such as engagement and behaviour in class, as the most plausible explanation.",
   "quote": "Dívky dostávají na vysvědčení v průměru o 0,6 klasifikačního stupně lepší známku z matematiky než chlapci, při stejných výsledcích v testech.",
   "source": "Munich and Protivinsky, IDEA at CERGE-EI, Study 1/2018, \"Co skrývají známky na vysvědčení?\"",
   "url": "https://idea.cerge-ei.cz/files/IDEA_Studie_1_2018_Co_skryvaji_znamky/files/downloads/IDEA_Studie_1_2018_Co_skryvaji_znamky.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-154",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What changes when the name is hidden",
   "claim": "Stockholm ninth-graders' teacher-set final mathematics grades favoured girls by 23 percent of a standard deviation relative to a standardised mathematics test the same students sat on entering upper secondary school.",
   "figure": "0.23 SD",
   "detail": "Petter Berg, Ola Palmgren and Bjorn Tyrefors compared the teacher-set final grade 9 mathematics grade with the Stockholm municipality introductory mathematics test taken on entry to upper secondary school, covering 21,199 students at Stockholm public high schools across the years 2012 to 2017 (roughly 80 percent of students at those schools). Both the grade and the 35-question test follow the same grade 9 syllabus, but the grade is not externally evaluated. The estimated gap is 23 percent of a standard deviation of the test score, against boys. Scope caution: the test is designed by mathematics grading experts at Stockholm University, but it is marked at the receiving high schools without name removal, under strict point-by-point instructions. This is a teacher-grade versus standardised-test comparison in which the marker has no prior relation to the student, not a blind re-grading experiment. The authors note the effect is about double what Lindahl (2007) found comparing final grades with internally graded national tests.",
   "quote": "The results show a substantial grading difference, consistent with grading bias against boys.",
   "source": "Berg, Palmgren and Tyrefors, IFN Working Paper 1263 (2019), published as Applied Economics Letters 27(11), 915-919 (DOI 10.1080/13504851.2019.1646862)",
   "url": "https://www.ifn.se/wfiles/wp/wp1263.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-155",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What changes when the name is hidden",
   "claim": "Norwegian lower secondary teachers gave girls higher grades than boys relative to the same students' anonymously graded central exit exams.",
   "figure": "0.09 SD",
   "detail": "Torberg Falch and Linn Renee Naper used Statistics Norway register data on students finishing compulsory school (10th grade) in the cohorts graduating spring 2002 to 2005, comparing teacher-set grades with the anonymously graded central exit exam in mathematics, English and Norwegian. On the 1 to 6 scale the average gender grading gap across all subjects was 0.05 grade points and highly significant; by subject the difference-in-difference estimates were 0.05 in mathematics, 0.07 in English and 0.02 in Norwegian. Measured against the standard deviation of the teacher-grade-minus-exam difference, the mathematics and English effects correspond to about 0.09 standard deviations, while Norwegian is about 0.02 standard deviations and is, in the authors' words, barely significant. The gap was not sensitive to interactions with school fixed effects, and the authors report that competitiveness of the exam setting does not explain it. Figures quoted are from the NTNU working paper version; the peer-reviewed article is Economics of Education Review 36 (2013), 12-25, DOI 10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.05.002.",
   "quote": "Compared to scores at anonymously evaluated central exit exams, girls get significantly higher grades than boys when assessed by their teacher.",
   "source": "Falch and Naper, NTNU Working Paper 4/2011, \"Educational Evaluation Schemes and Gender Gaps in Student Achievement\"",
   "url": "http://www.svt.ntnu.no/iso/WP/2011/4_gendergaps_4_LRN.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-156",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What changes when the name is hidden",
   "claim": "In Norway's own national data a larger share of girls than boys drops a grade between the teacher-set standpunkt grade and the written exam, 43 percent against 39 percent, but Udir itself calls the gender differences small.",
   "figure": "43% vs 39%",
   "detail": "Utdanningsdirektoratet analysed the difference between standpunktkarakter and eksamenskarakter at 10. trinn (final year of grunnskole) over the ten school years 2009-10 to 2018-19, pooling norsk hovedmal, norsk sidemal, engelsk and matematikk, about 739,000 pupil-exam combinations. 43 percent of girls and 39 percent of boys received a lower grade at the written exam than their teacher-set standpunkt grade, while 11 percent of girls and 12 percent of boys received a higher one. This is the honest Norwegian ceiling on the claim, and it is a low one. Udir states the gender differences are generally small (\"generelt sma forskjeller\"), including when comparing boys and girls holding the same standpunkt grade. Much of the raw gap is mechanical: the share dropping a grade rises with the standpunkt grade, 57 percent for those with a 5 against 30 percent for those with a 3, simply because a higher grade has further to fall, and girls sit higher in the standpunkt distribution. Holding the standpunkt grade constant the pattern does not line up with the grading-bias studies: among pupils with standpunkt 4, about 57 percent of girls but 53 percent of boys get the same or a higher grade at the exam. Use this source to show what Norwegian national data does and does not settle, not as Norwegian confirmation of the international findings.",
   "quote": "43 prosent av jentene og 39 prosent av guttene får lavere karakter til eksamen, mens 11 prosent av jentene og 12 prosent av guttene får høyere karakter",
   "source": "Utdanningsdirektoratet (Udir), \"Karakterforskjeller fra standpunkt til eksamen på grunnskolen\"",
   "url": "https://www.udir.no/tall-og-forskning/statistikk/statistikk-grunnskole/analyser/karakterforskjeller-fra-standpunkt-til-eksamen/"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-157",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Who is in the room",
   "claim": "Men were 14.4 percent of primary school teachers across the EU in 2024.",
   "figure": "14.4%",
   "detail": "Eurostat, Primary education statistics (Statistics Explained), covers ISCED level 1 teachers, reference year 2024, EU-27 aggregate that uses 2023 data for Czechia, Ireland and Croatia. It counts 273,000 male primary teachers against 1.6 million female primary teachers. The male share was below 10.0 percent in 9 EU countries and below 20.0 percent in 22 of the 27, with Lithuania lowest at 3.9 percent and Denmark highest at 32.8 percent. The comparable 2023 EU figure was 14.2 percent male, so the level is close to flat year on year, not falling sharply.",
   "quote": "The share of female primary education teachers averaged 85.6% across the EU in 2024, with male teachers accounting for the remaining 14.4%.",
   "source": "Eurostat, Primary education statistics (Statistics Explained)",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Primary_education_statistics"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-158",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Who is in the room",
   "claim": "Across OECD countries, 83 percent of primary school teachers were women in 2022.",
   "figure": "83%",
   "detail": "OECD, Education at a Glance 2024, Chapter D5, Table D5.4 (Gender distribution of teachers, by level of education, 2022), percentage of female teachers in public and private institutions. OECD average is 96 percent female in pre-primary, 83 percent in primary (ISCED 1), 68 percent in lower secondary and 60 percent in upper secondary, so the imbalance is largest with the youngest pupils. Among OECD countries the primary figure runs from 64 percent in Japan and 65 percent in Turkiye up to 96 percent in Lithuania; Norway is 74 percent female at primary level. The same chapter states that the imbalance can affect students and that a shortage of male applicants can worsen teacher shortages overall.",
   "quote": "Women account for over 70% of primary teachers in all countries except Denmark, Japan and Türkiye.",
   "source": "OECD, Education at a Glance 2024, Indicator D5, Table D5.4",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/09/education-at-a-glance-2024_5ea68448/c00cad36-en.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-159",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Who is in the room",
   "claim": "About one in four teachers in Norwegian compulsory school is a man, down from about four in ten in the mid-1980s.",
   "figure": "1 in 4",
   "detail": "Bufdir, the Norwegian Directorate for Children, Youth and Family Affairs, publishes national gender equality statistics on staff in kindergarten and school, sourced to Statistics Norway. Its page states that in 2022 one in four teachers in grunnskolen (compulsory school, grades 1 to 10, covering ISCED levels 1 and 2) were men, and that men made up 42 percent of grunnskole teachers in 1985. Bufdir attributes the 1985 figure to Einarsen og Dahl 1997, so cite it as a Bufdir statement rather than as raw register output. Current register data: SSB StatBank table 12065 gives 21,406 male teachers out of 79,226 teachers in grunnskolen in 2025, which is 27 percent. OECD Education at a Glance 2024 Table D5.4 puts Norway's primary level alone at 74 percent female for 2022.",
   "quote": "I 2022 var 1 av 4 lærere i grunnskolen menn.",
   "source": "Bufdir, Utdanning i et kjønnsperspektiv (national gender equality statistics), citing SSB",
   "url": "https://www.bufdir.no/statistikk-og-analyse/kjonnslikestilling/utdanning-kjonn/"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-160",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Who is in the room",
   "claim": "Men were 19.5 percent of the students who started Norway's teacher degree for grades 1 to 7 in 2022.",
   "figure": "19.5%",
   "detail": "Bufdir's gender equality statistics page on education, citing Samordna opptak (the Norwegian central admissions service) for 2022, reports that men made up 19.5 percent of the students who turned up at the start of study on grunnskolelærerutdanningen 1.-7. trinn, the five-year teacher degree qualifying for grades 1 to 7. Scope is the 2022 intake to that one programme, not all teacher education and not applicants. The same page notes the government strategy Lærerløftet had already recorded too few male applicants to teacher education for the lowest grades. Bufdir has not updated this figure past 2022, so present it as the 2022 intake.",
   "quote": "I 2022 utgjorde menn 19,5 prosent av studentene som møtte til studiestart på grunnskolelærerutdanningen 1.-7. trinn.",
   "source": "Bufdir, Utdanning i et kjønnsperspektiv, citing Samordna opptak 2022",
   "url": "https://www.bufdir.no/statistikk-og-analyse/kjonnslikestilling/utdanning-kjonn/"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-161",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Who is in the room",
   "claim": "In Norwegian compulsory school, 10.4 percent of boys and 5.6 percent of girls held a decision granting special education in 2023-24.",
   "figure": "10.4% vs 5.6%",
   "detail": "Udir, the Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training, Fakta om grunnskolen 2023-2024, chapter on spesialundervisning. That year 51,000 pupils, 8.1 percent of all pupils in grunnskolen, had an individual decision on spesialundervisning, rising from 3.8 percent in year 1 to 11.1 percent in year 10. The sex split was 10.4 percent of all boys against 5.6 percent of all girls, so boys were roughly 1.9 times as likely to hold a decision. Under the new education act the category is now called individuelt tilrettelagt opplaering (ITO). Udir's Fakta om grunnskolen 2025-2026 records 47,400 pupils with an ITO decision, 7.6 percent of pupils, of whom 66 percent are boys, and its chapter heading states that 3 of 4 pupils who receive personal assistance are boys. Use the 2023-24 sex split as the headline, since the newer release covers a renamed category and a slightly lower boys' share. Do not claim a sharp or steady fall in the boys' share, as Udir does not publish that.",
   "quote": "10,4 prosent av alle gutter i grunnskolen får spesialundervisning, mens 5,6 prosent av jentene får spesialundervisning.",
   "source": "Udir, Fakta om grunnskolen 2023-2024, Spesialundervisning",
   "url": "https://www.udir.no/tall-og-forskning/statistikk/statistikk-grunnskole/analyser/2023/fakta-om-grunnskolen-20232024/spesialundervisning/"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-162",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Who is in the room",
   "claim": "In England in 2024/25 the suspension rate was 13.47 per 100 male pupils against 8.17 per 100 female pupils.",
   "figure": "13.47 vs 8.17",
   "detail": "UK Department for Education, Suspensions and permanent exclusions in England, academic year 2024/25, accredited official statistics published 9 July 2026. The suspension rate is total suspensions divided by total pupils, multiplied by 100, across state-funded primary, secondary and special schools. The permanent exclusion rate the same year was 0.16 per 100 male pupils against 0.07 per 100 female pupils, more than double. National totals were 913,000 suspensions (rate 10.88) and 9,900 permanent exclusions (rate 0.12), both down on 2023/24. Persistent disruptive behaviour was the most common recorded reason, 52 percent of all reasons given for suspension. These are recorded rates by sex; the release does not attribute causes.",
   "quote": "The suspension rate for male pupils was more than 1.5 times that of female pupils, with rates of 13.47 and 8.17, respectively.",
   "source": "UK Department for Education, Suspensions and permanent exclusions in England, academic year 2024/25",
   "url": "https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/suspensions-and-permanent-exclusions-in-england/2024-25"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-163",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Who is in the room",
   "claim": "In Norway in 2023, 5.4 percent of boys and 3.5 percent of girls aged 13 to 17 were dispensed ADHD medication.",
   "figure": "5.4% vs 3.5%",
   "detail": "Folkehelseinstituttet (FHI), the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, drawing on Legemiddelregisteret (LMR), the national prescription register that succeeded Reseptregisteret. Scope is dispensed ADHD medicines, ages 13 to 17, calendar year 2023, published 18 November 2024. The same release gives 2004 levels of about 2 percent for boys and about 0.6 percent for girls, and states that five times as many girls were on ADHD medicine in 2023 as in 2004. Quote the girls' multiple, which is FHI's own, but give the boys' change as levels only, from about 2 percent in 2004 to 5.4 percent in 2023, because the release's Norwegian phrasing for boys does not convert cleanly into an English multiple. On diagnosis rather than medication, FHI's Folkehelserapporten chapter Del 4: Tidstrender i forekomst av ADHD-diagnoser (published 28 May 2025, Norsk pasientregister) records annual incidence of a first ADHD diagnosis among 2 to 17 year olds rising from 2022 to 2024 from 0.81 to 0.94 percent for boys and from 0.62 to 0.68 percent for girls, and states that incidence is now higher among teenage girls than teenage boys. Report both, because the gap is real and narrowing.",
   "quote": "5,4 prosent gutter og 3,5 prosent jenter mellom 13 og 17 år får nå medisiner for ADHD.",
   "source": "Folkehelseinstituttet (FHI), Legemiddelregisteret",
   "url": "https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2024/okning-i-bruk-av-adhd-medisin-for-unge-gutter-og-jenter/"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-164",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The doors after school",
   "claim": "In every OECD member country, women aged 25 to 34 are as likely as or more likely than men the same age to hold a tertiary qualification.",
   "figure": "54% vs 41%",
   "detail": "OECD Education at a Glance 2024, Norway country note, page 1. Population is 25-34 year-olds, reference year 2023 (the note's attainment figures are drawn from EAG 2024 Table A1.2, which uses 2023). The OECD average tertiary attainment rate was 54% for women and 41% for men, a gap of 13 percentage points, and the OECD records the direction of the gap as holding in all OECD member countries without exception.",
   "quote": "women aged 25-34 are as likely or more likely than their male peers to have a tertiary qualification (54% compared to 41% on average across OECD countries)",
   "source": "OECD, Education at a Glance 2024, Norway country note",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/09/education-at-a-glance-2024-country-notes_532eb29d/norway_7c95c9b1/39130783-en.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-165",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The doors after school",
   "claim": "In Norway the tertiary attainment gap among 25 to 34 year-olds is 21 percentage points, which the OECD describes as much wider than the OECD average.",
   "figure": "21 pts",
   "detail": "OECD Education at a Glance 2024, Norway country note, page 1. Population is 25-34 year-olds in Norway, reference year 2023: 68% of women and 47% of men held a tertiary qualification. The comparable OECD averages in the same sentence are 54% for women and 41% for men, a 13 point gap.",
   "quote": "With a tertiary educational attainment rate of 68% for women and 47% for men, the gap is much wider than the OECD average in Norway.",
   "source": "OECD, Education at a Glance 2024, Norway country note",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/09/education-at-a-glance-2024-country-notes_532eb29d/norway_7c95c9b1/39130783-en.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-166",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The doors after school",
   "claim": "Denmark's tertiary attainment gap among 25 to 34 year-olds was 17.2 percentage points in 2025, essentially unchanged over a decade.",
   "figure": "17.2 pts",
   "detail": "Eurostat dataset edat_lfse_03 (EU Labour Force Survey), age 25-34, ISCED 2011 levels 5-8, share of population, dataset last updated 11 June 2026, extracted 15 August 2026. Denmark 2025: 61.3% of women and 44.1% of men, a gap of 17.2 points, against 52.0% and 34.6% in 2015, a gap of 17.4 points. Note that Eurostat flags breaks in the Danish series at 2016, 2017 and 2021, so the 2015 to 2025 comparison spans three methodological breaks and should be presented as a broad picture rather than a precise trend. The EU27 aggregate for 2025 is 50.5% for women and 39.3% for men, a gap of 11.2 points, up from 10.6 points in 2015; Eurostat's Statistics Explained article drawing on the same dataset rounds the 2025 EU figures to 50.6% and a gap of 11.3 points.",
   "quote": null,
   "source": "Eurostat, dataset edat_lfse_03 (EU Labour Force Survey)",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/edat_lfse_03/default/table"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-167",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The doors after school",
   "claim": "Women were 61.5 percent of applicants in Norway's 2026 coordinated university admissions round and men 38.5 percent.",
   "figure": "61.5%",
   "detail": "Direktoratet for høyere utdanning og kompetanse (HK-dir), Søkertall for universitet og høgskoler i Samordna opptak 2026, chapter 2.5, covering all 27 institutions in the coordinated admission system: 92,741 female and 58,115 male applicants. Among first-choice applicants, women were 79.5% in education studies (pedagogiske fag) and 77.5% in health studies, while men were 68.1% in technology programmes and 63.6% in information technology. HK-dir also records the female share in IT programmes rising from about 22.4% in 2017 to over 36% in 2026.",
   "quote": "I 2026 er det 92 741 kvinnelige søkere (61,5%) og 58 115 mannlige søkere (38,5%) i det samordnede opptaket til universitet og høyskoler.",
   "source": "HK-dir / Samordna opptak, Søkertall for universitet og høgskoler i Samordna opptak 2026",
   "url": "https://hkdir.no/rapporter-undersokelser-og-statistikk/les-rapporten/sokertall-for-universitet-og-hogskoler-i-samordna-opptak-2026/oppsummering-av-arets-tall-en-oversikt"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-168",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The doors after school",
   "claim": "The OECD recorded both Norwegian under-representations in a single sentence: 12 percent of women entering tertiary education went into STEM, and 7 percent of men went into education-related fields.",
   "figure": "12% vs 7%",
   "detail": "OECD Education at a Glance 2024, Norway country note, page 4, on new entrants to tertiary education in Norway. Of women entering tertiary education 12% were studying science, technology, engineering and mathematics; of men entering, 7% were entering education-related fields, which covers teacher training. Note the two percentages have different denominators, women entrants and men entrants respectively, so they are two separate shares and not a like-for-like comparison. The same bullet states that 57% of new entrants to tertiary education in Norway are women against an OECD average of 56%. The note does not give a separate reference year for this bullet.",
   "quote": "In Norway, only 12% of women entering tertiary education were studying science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields, while only 7% of men were entering education-related fields.",
   "source": "OECD, Education at a Glance 2024, Norway country note",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/09/education-at-a-glance-2024-country-notes_532eb29d/norway_7c95c9b1/39130783-en.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-169",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The doors after school",
   "claim": "Norway's named national programme for recruiting men into care work qualifies participants at upper-secondary vocational level, not at higher-education level.",
   "figure": "1,000+",
   "detail": "Menn i helse is run by KS together with NAV, municipalities, counties and Helsedirektoratet. Helsedirektoratet's programme page, last professionally revised 9 February 2024, states that over 1,000 men have obtained the fagbrev as helsefagarbeider through the programme; the fagbrev is an upper-secondary vocational certificate, not a tertiary degree. This count is now stale and understates the programme: KS's release of 22 August 2024 states that over 1,400 participants will have taken the fagbrev during 2024, and also that 'Menn i helse tilbys na i 150 kommuner fordelt pa 13 fylker.' Use the 1,000 figure only when citing Helsedirektoratet directly. For contrast on the girls-into-technology side, NHO's programme page at nho.no/tema/kompetanse-og-utdanning/artikler/jenter-og-teknologi/ states that Jenter og teknologi, which NHO organised as a national project in 2016 with financial support from Barne- og likestillingsdepartementet, meets about 7,000 girls in grades 9 and 10 on its annual national tour.",
   "quote": "Menn i helse er et komprimert utdanningsløp frem til fagbrev som helsefagarbeider.",
   "source": "Helsedirektoratet, Menn i helse (programme page)",
   "url": "https://www.helsedirektoratet.no/forebygging-diagnose-og-behandling/organisering-og-tjenestetilbud/kompetanseloft-2025/menn-i-helse"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-170",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "The doors after school",
   "claim": "Norway has decided to abolish gender points in university admissions from the 2028-29 academic year, and from admission to 2027-28 institutions may apply for quotas reserving places for each sex on programmes with large imbalance.",
   "figure": "2028-29",
   "detail": "Kunnskapsdepartementet press release of 11 September 2025 setting out the adopted admission rules. From admission to 2027/2028 universities and colleges may apply for quotas reserving a share of places for each sex on programmes with large imbalance; gender points (kjønnspoeng) are abolished from 2028/2029. Under the rules still in force for admission 2026/2027, Samordna opptak awards men 2 gender points on eight named programmes, including nursing at UiA and Lovisenberg, veterinary medicine and animal nursing at NMBU and child welfare studies at OsloMet, and 1 gender point on the professional psychology programme at NTNU, UiB, UiO and UiT, while women receive 2 gender points on a list of NTNU technology programmes.",
   "quote": "Universiteter og høyskoler kan søke om kvoter som sikrer en viss andel studieplasser til begge kjønn på studier med stor ubalanse mellom kjønnene. Kjønnspoeng avvikles fra studieåret 2028-2029.",
   "source": "Kunnskapsdepartementet, Slik blir de nye reglene for opptak til høyere utdanning",
   "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/slik-blir-de-nye-reglene-for-opptak-til-hoyere-utdanning/id3118553/"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-171",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Where it ends",
   "claim": "In the EU in 2025, young men left education and training early at 10.6 percent against 7.5 percent for young women.",
   "figure": "10.6% vs 7.5%",
   "detail": "Eurostat indicator edat_lfse_14, EU Labour Force Survey, EU-27 aggregate, reference year 2025, data extracted April 2026. Population is people aged 18 to 24 whose highest completed level is ISCED 2011 levels 0 to 2 and who received neither formal nor non-formal education or training in the four weeks before the survey. The overall EU rate was 9.1 percent; the sex gap is 3.1 percentage points. Eurostat notes the pattern holds in nearly all EU countries, with Romania and Bulgaria the exceptions.",
   "quote": "In 2025, 10.6% of young men and 7.5% of young women in the EU were early leavers from education and training.",
   "source": "Eurostat, Statistics Explained: Early leavers from education and training",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Early_leavers_from_education_and_training"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-172",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Where it ends",
   "claim": "Of Norwegian pupils who started upper secondary education in autumn 2019, 78.3 percent of the men and 85.6 percent of the women had completed with a general or vocational qualification within five or six years.",
   "figure": "78.3% vs 85.6%",
   "detail": "Statistics Norway (SSB), statistic Gjennomføring i videregående opplæring, cohort labelled 2019-2025, published 29 June 2026 and corrected 20 July 2026. Population is pupils starting Vg1 for the first time in autumn 2019, 65,293 in total, of whom 33,682 were men and 31,611 women. Pupils on general studies programmes are followed for five years, pupils on vocational programmes for six. The gap is 7.3 percentage points. On vocational programmes specifically, 68.8 percent of men and 74.5 percent of women completed; on general studies programmes, 88.9 percent and 92.3 percent.",
   "quote": "Elever som startet i Vg1 for første gang angitt høst, og andelen som har fullført med studie- eller yrkeskompetanse i løpet av fem/seks år",
   "source": "Statistics Norway (SSB), Gjennomføring i videregående opplæring, Tabell 1 (StatBank table 14867)",
   "url": "https://www.ssb.no/utdanning/videregaende-utdanning/statistikk/gjennomforing-i-videregaende-opplaering"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-173",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Where it ends",
   "claim": "In the same Norwegian 2019 cohort, 11.5 percent of male pupils dropped out during upper secondary education against 7.6 percent of female pupils.",
   "figure": "11.5% vs 7.6%",
   "detail": "Statistics Norway StatBank table 14867, category Sluttet underveis, all education programmes, cohort 2019-2025, corrected figures of 20 July 2026. In absolute numbers this is 3,864 men and 2,395 women out of 65,293 pupils who started Vg1 in autumn 2019. The gap is concentrated in vocational programmes, where 18.4 percent of men and 14.3 percent of women dropped out, against 3.7 percent and 3.5 percent on general studies programmes.",
   "quote": null,
   "source": "Statistics Norway (SSB), StatBank table 14867, Gjennomføring i videregående opplæring",
   "url": "https://www.ssb.no/statbank/table/14867"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-174",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Where it ends",
   "claim": "Across OECD countries in 2024, 14 percent of men aged 25 to 34 lacked an upper secondary qualification against 11 percent of women the same age.",
   "figure": "14% vs 11%",
   "detail": "OECD Education at a Glance 2025, Indicator A1, Table A1.2, reference year 2024, OECD average, age group 25 to 34. The overall share of 25 to 34 year olds without an upper secondary qualification fell from 15 percent in 2019 to 13 percent in 2024. OECD reports the gap reaches 8 percentage points or more in Costa Rica and Portugal, and that Bulgaria, Korea and Mexico show no gap.",
   "quote": "young men are more likely than young women to lack an upper secondary qualification, with an OECD average of 14% for young men and 11% for young women",
   "source": "OECD, Education at a Glance 2025, Indicator A1 (To what level have adults studied?)",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/education-at-a-glance-2025_1c0d9c79-en/full-report/to-what-level-have-adults-studied_c1d483b0.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-175",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Where it ends",
   "claim": "Adults aged 25 to 34 without an upper secondary qualification had an OECD average unemployment rate of 13 percent in 2024, against 5 percent for those with tertiary education.",
   "figure": "13% vs 5%",
   "detail": "OECD Education at a Glance 2025, Indicator A3, reference year 2024, OECD average, age group 25 to 34. Unemployment rates are from Table A3.4: 13 percent for those with below upper secondary attainment, 7 percent for those whose highest level is upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary, and 5 percent for those with tertiary education. Employment rates for the same age group, reported against Table A3.1 and Table A3.2, were 60 percent for below upper secondary, 79 percent for upper secondary, and 87 percent for tertiary. Scope caution: within the below upper secondary group the employment rate is 71 percent for young men and 46 percent for young women (Table A3.2), so the disadvantage of that group is not itself a male disadvantage. The male-relevant point is that men are over-represented in the group, at 14 percent against 11 percent (Indicator A1, Table A1.2).",
   "quote": "the unemployment rate for younger adults with below upper secondary attainment is 13%, almost twice as high as for those with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment (7%)",
   "source": "OECD, Education at a Glance 2025, Indicator A3 (How does educational attainment affect participation in the labour market?)",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/education-at-a-glance-2025_1c0d9c79-en/full-report/how-does-educational-attainment-affect-participation-in-the-labour-market_ae451464.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-176",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Where it ends",
   "claim": "In PISA 2012, 14 percent of boys and 9 percent of girls across OECD countries failed to reach the baseline proficiency level in any of reading, mathematics and science.",
   "figure": "14% vs 9%",
   "detail": "OECD, The ABC of Gender Equality in Education: Aptitude, Behaviour, Confidence, published March 2015, using PISA 2012 data on 15 year old students, OECD country average, Figure 1.2 and Table 1.8. The report also states that six out of ten students who were low achievers in all three subjects were boys, and describes the gap as 4 percentage points. Scope caution: the underlying survey wave is 2012, so this must always be cited as a 2012 measurement published in 2015, not as a current figure.",
   "quote": "Across OECD countries in 2012, 14% of boys and 9% of girls did not attain the PISA baseline level of proficiency in any of the three core subjects.",
   "source": "OECD, The ABC of Gender Equality in Education (2015)",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/the-abc-of-gender-equality-in-education_9789264229945-en.html"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-177",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "Where it ends",
   "claim": "Among Norwegians aged 21 to 40 receiving a disability pension at the end of 2010, 83.2 percent had not completed secondary education, against 32.2 percent of those not receiving one.",
   "figure": "83.2%",
   "detail": "Myhr, Haugan, Lillefjell and Halvorsen, BMC Public Health 2018;18:682, DOI 10.1186/s12889-018-5551-1. Registry study on a 30 percent random sample, stratified by age, gender and municipality of residence, of the Norwegian population aged 21 to 40 in 2010 (N = 395,514), drawn from Statistics Norway's FD-trygd event database and linked to the National Education Database. After excluding 527 people entitled to a disability pension due to cognitive abnormalities and cases without complete data, the analysis sample was N = 350,699, which the authors report as 88.7 percent of eligible subjects. 7,065 people, 2.0 percent, were receiving a disability pension, of whom 5,876 had not completed secondary education and 52.0 percent were male; the 343,634 non-receivers are the comparison group behind the 32.2 percent figure. This is a correlation reported by the authors, not an estimated causal effect, and the education variable is not split by sex.",
   "quote": "At the end of 2010, a total of 7065 (2.0%) individuals were receiving DP, of which 83.2% (N = 5876) had not completed secondary education.",
   "source": "Myhr et al., BMC Public Health (2018), Non-completion of secondary education and early disability in Norway",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5551-1"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-178",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What states did about it",
   "claim": "Norway's official public inquiry recorded that around 70 percent of all special education decisions in compulsory school concern boys.",
   "figure": "~70%",
   "detail": "NOU 2019:3 \"Nye sjanser – bedre læring\" (the Stoltenberg committee), delivered to the Ministry of Education 4 February 2019. Scope: enkeltvedtak om spesialundervisning in Norwegian grunnskole (compulsory school, grades 1-10), national figure. The committee's own summing-up states it is well documented that boys come out of Norwegian compulsory education worse than girls: weaker average grades, substantially more boys among those least prepared for further education, and 70 percent of special education decisions concerning boys. The committee also notes this may partly reflect a genuinely greater need among boys.",
   "quote": "Rundt 70 prosent av alle vedtak om spesialundervisning i grunnskolen gjelder gutter.",
   "source": "NOU 2019: 3 Nye sjanser – bedre læring (Stoltenbergutvalget), Kunnskapsdepartementet",
   "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2019-3/id2627718/"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-179",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What states did about it",
   "claim": "In 2018 Norwegian girls averaged 4.6 more lower-secondary graduation points than boys, a gap the state inquiry found stable year to year.",
   "figure": "4.6 points",
   "detail": "NOU 2019:3, chapter 3. Grunnskolepoeng is the average of all subject grades multiplied by 10, on a scale of 10 to 60, and is the basis for admission to upper secondary. Scope: all pupils finishing grunnskolen in Norway in 2018, national average 41.8 points. The committee states the gender gap sits between four and five points on average and varies little from year to year, equivalent to an average boy having roughly seven to nine subject grades on his leaving certificate lower than an average girl. The committee separately notes 6.3 percent of boys and 4.6 percent of girls lack grunnskolepoeng entirely.",
   "quote": "Gjennomsnittlig antall grunnskolepoeng for alle elever var 41,8 i 2018, og jentene fikk 4,6 flere grunnskolepoeng enn guttene.",
   "source": "NOU 2019: 3 Nye sjanser – bedre læring (Stoltenbergutvalget), Kunnskapsdepartementet",
   "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2019-3/id2627718/"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-180",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What states did about it",
   "claim": "The Stoltenberg committee's flexible school start proposal drew interest from only two Norwegian municipalities, produced no national results reporting, and produced no change in the law.",
   "figure": "2 municipalities",
   "detail": "Documented in NOU 2024:8 \"Likestillingens neste steg\" (the Mannsutvalget), delivered 24 April 2024, section 11.3.2. It records that the proposal was picked up in Meld. St. 6 (2019-2020) \"Tett pa\", where one measure was to let municipalities trial new models of flexible school start; the Directorate for Education invited municipalities, and Trondheim and Kristiansand registered interest. Norway had 356 municipalities when the invitation went out (357 since 1 January 2024). Both municipalities chose to run the trial within existing rules, in a substantially different way from the committee's proposal, and therefore do not report results to national education authorities. No changes to the rules on flexible school start were adopted in the new Education Act.",
   "quote": "Det er ikke vedtatt endringer i reglene for fleksibel skolestart i ny opplæringslov.",
   "source": "NOU 2024: 8 Likestillingens neste steg (Mannsutvalget), Kultur- og likestillingsdepartementet",
   "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2024-8/id3035815/"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-181",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What states did about it",
   "claim": "One core Stoltenberg recommendation, a national individual-level data register for kindergarten and compulsory school, got its legal basis in Norway six years after the report.",
   "figure": "6 years",
   "detail": "NOU 2019:3 recommended creating a national register of person-identifiable longitudinal data for kindergarten and compulsory education, administered by Statistics Norway. Prop. 131 L (2024-2025), presented by the Ministry of Education on 10 April 2025, cites NOU 2019:3 explicitly as background. The Storting adopted the change on 27 May 2025 (lovvedtak 69, 2024-2025), amending opplaeringslova, privatskolelova and barnehageloven to permit individual-level registers, with data restricted to statistics and research and barred from use in individual administrative decisions. The enacted registers sit with the Directorate for Education, with Statistics Norway collecting the data to produce official statistics, rather than the Statistics Norway-administered register the committee had recommended. Timeline: recommended February 2019, enacted May 2025.",
   "quote": "Stoltenbergutvalget anbefalte i NOU 2019: 3 Nye sjanser – bedre læring – Kjønnsforskjeller i skoleprestasjoner og utdanningsløp at det blir opprettet et nasjonalt register over barn i barnehager og grunnskoler",
   "source": "Prop. 131 L (2024–2025), Kunnskapsdepartementet; Stortinget lovvedtak 69 (2024–2025)",
   "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-131-l-20242025/id3096728/"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-182",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What states did about it",
   "claim": "UNESCO found that where upper secondary enrolment gaps exist, 73 countries show the gap at boys' disadvantage and 48 at girls'.",
   "figure": "73 vs 48",
   "detail": "UNESCO, \"Leave no child behind: global report on boys' disengagement from education\" (2022), key messages section, drawing on quantitative evidence from over 140 countries. Scope: countries where a gender difference in upper secondary enrolment exists, not all countries. The same report separately records that boys are more likely than girls to repeat primary grades in 130 of 142 countries with data, and that 2019 tertiary gender parity index data showed 88 men enrolled for every 100 women globally.",
   "quote": "Where there are gender differences in enrolment in upper secondary education, 73 countries see this at boys' disadvantage, while in 48 countries this is at girls' disadvantage.",
   "source": "UNESCO, Leave no child behind: global report on boys' disengagement from education",
   "url": "https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381105"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-183",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What states did about it",
   "claim": "UNESCO's own 2022 global report states that very little policy attention has been given to education gaps at boys' expense.",
   "figure": "\"very little\"",
   "detail": "UNESCO, \"Leave no child behind\" (2022), chapter on policy responses. The report adds that programmes and initiatives addressing boys' disengagement remain few, that system-level gender-specific policies targeting boys are even more scarce, and that the policies which do exist are mostly in high-income countries, with only a few low- and middle-income countries having specific policies even where disparities at boys' expense are severe. This is a UNESCO research report, not a normative instrument or a binding commitment by states.",
   "quote": "With only a few notable exceptions, very little policy attention has been given to gender disparities in education outcomes at boys' expense.",
   "source": "UNESCO, Leave no child behind: global report on boys' disengagement from education",
   "url": "https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381105"
  },
  {
   "id": "education-184",
   "page": "education.html",
   "topic": "Boys and education",
   "section": "What states did about it",
   "claim": "England's Education Secretary formally asked the higher education regulator, in statutory strategic guidance, to focus on white boys on free school meals.",
   "figure": "1 letter",
   "detail": "Strategic guidance letter from Secretary of State Gavin Williamson to the Office for Students, dated February 2021 (published by OfS as 8 February 2021), issued under section 2 of the Higher Education and Research Act 2017, which the OfS must have regard to rather than a binding direction. The letter's wording is a request: the Secretary of State says he would like the OfS to continue to consider broader factors, and that this should include a focus on white boys on free school meals. Scope: access and participation in higher education in England. The Education Committee's June 2021 report recommended at recommendation 20 that the OfS report to Parliament within a year on progress against this request; the Government response of October 2021 (CP 524) pointed to the OfS's existing annual report, annual monitoring and access and participation dashboard rather than committing to a dedicated report on this group. CP 524 paragraph 124 paraphrases the group as \"white working-class boys\"; the letter's own wording is narrower.",
   "quote": "This should include a focus on white boys on free school meals who are currently the least likely group to progress to higher education.",
   "source": "Secretary of State for Education, Guidance to the Office for Students, February 2021",
   "url": "https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/media/5430/ofs-strategic-guidance-20210208.pdf"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-185",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The state-funded",
   "claim": "Kvinnefronten's consultation response against Mannsutvalget's measures",
   "figure": "2024, Norway",
   "detail": "In its høringssvar of 18 September 2024 to NOU 2024:8 (Likestillingens neste steg, the Men's Equality Commission), Kvinnefronten rejected the commission's mandate premise, opposed easing courts' ability to order shared residence and restrict relocation with children, and opposed making the Equality Act's purpose clause gender neutral.",
   "source": "Kvinnefronten, published høringssvar on its own website",
   "url": "https://www.kvinnefronten.no/artikler/kvinnefrontens-hringssvar-til-mannsutvalget",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-186",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The state-funded",
   "claim": "Kvinnegruppa Ottar's consultation response against Mannsutvalget's measures",
   "figure": "2024, Norway",
   "detail": "In its høringssvar of 8 October 2024 to NOU 2024:8, Ottar strongly advised against a gender-neutral purpose clause in the Equality Act and warned that the shared-residence proposals could amount to a relocation ban interfering with mothers' lives.",
   "source": "Kvinnegruppa Ottar, published høringssvar; funding via tilskudd.no DT-0073",
   "url": "https://www.kvinnegruppa-ottar.no/horingsuttalelser/hringssvar-fra-kvinnegruppa-ottar-til-nou-2024-8-likestillingens-neste-steg",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-187",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The state-funded",
   "claim": "State bodies opposing default joint parental responsibility in the likestilt foreldreskap consultation",
   "figure": "2016, Norway",
   "detail": "The government's own bill, Prop. 161 L (2015-2016) endringer i barnelova (likestilt foreldreskap), records in section 3.8.3 that Barneombudet, Agder lagmannsrett, several tingretter, Fylkesmannen i Sør-Trøndelag and other bodies were sceptical of or opposed making joint parental responsibility the legal starting point for parents who never lived together, citing conflict risk for children. Statistisk sentralbyrå, not listed among the opponents, warned that the change would likely lead to more mediations and court cases. The reform later passed and entered into force in 2020.",
   "source": "Prop. 161 L (2015-2016), chapter 3 (regjeringen.no)",
   "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-161-l-20152016/id2512104/?ch=3",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-188",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The state-funded",
   "claim": "No funded follow-up of NOU 2024:8's 35 measures in the 2025 state budget",
   "figure": "2024, Norway",
   "detail": "Reform's review of the 2025 budget proposal (7 October 2024) found no measures or funds to follow up the commission's 35 recommendations; the budget text said only that the government would review the commission's proposals and the consultation input in the further development of equality policy. On Men's Day in November 2024, equality minister Lubna Jaffery announced that the government was starting work on a white paper (stortingsmelding) on men's equality challenges, confirmed in her Aftenposten op-ed of 21 November 2024.",
   "source": "Reform, statement on the 2025 state budget, 7 October 2024",
   "url": "https://reform.no/statsbudsjettet-2025-skuffende-mangel-pa-oppfolging-av-mannsutvalgets-utredning/",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-189",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The state-funded",
   "claim": "ROKS chair's 'men are animals' statement and resignation",
   "figure": "2005, Sweden",
   "detail": "In SVT's documentary series Dokument inifrån (the two-part film Könskriget, May 2005), ROKS chair Ireen von Wachenfeldt said that men are animals. Several member shelters left ROKS in response to her statements, and she resigned on 6 July 2005, writing that the focus on her person had damaged the organisation. The state funding and the broadcasts were debated in the Riksdag (interpellation 2004/05:648, answered by minister Morgan Johansson).",
   "source": "SVT Nyheter, 6 July 2005; Riksdagen interpellation 2004/05:648",
   "url": "https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/roks-ordforande-avgar",
   "sourceType": "major-outlet"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-190",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The state-funded",
   "claim": "Swedish state shelter grants restricted by regulation text to women's and girls' organisations",
   "figure": "2015-2022, Sweden",
   "detail": "Förordning (2015:454) om statsbidrag till kvinno- och tjejjourer defined eligible recipients as local nonprofit organisations whose activity is directed at violence-exposed women, their children, and violence-exposed girls. No provision covered organisations serving violence-exposed men. It was repealed from 1 January 2023 by förordning 2022:257, which widened eligibility to other victim-support nonprofits.",
   "source": "Svensk författningssamling, SFS 2015:454 (riksdagen.se)",
   "url": "https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/forordning-2015454-om-statsbidrag-till-kvinno-_sfs-2015-454/",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-191",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The state-funded",
   "claim": "UK male victims of domestic and sexual violence handled under the Violence Against Women and Girls strategy",
   "figure": "2022, United Kingdom",
   "detail": "The Home Office's 'Supporting Male Victims' position statement (March 2022, replacing a 2019 version) is the government's own document stating that male victims of domestic abuse, sexual violence and stalking are addressed within the strategy space named Tackling Violence Against Women and Girls, rather than through a dedicated strategy for male victims.",
   "source": "HM Government, Supporting Male Victims, March 2022 (gov.uk)",
   "url": "https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1101059/Supporting_Male_Victims_2022.pdf",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-192",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The state-funded",
   "claim": "Danish shelter law gave a statutory crisis-centre right to women only until 2024",
   "figure": "2023-2024, Denmark",
   "detail": "Until the L 104 amendment took effect on 1 July 2024, paragraf 109 of serviceloven gave violence-exposed women, not men, a statutory right to crisis-centre accommodation with associated support including psychological help; men relied on mandecentre outside that provision. Announcing the bill on 6 October 2023, equality minister Marie Bjerre confirmed the inequality herself, saying men did not have the same possibilities in the legislation as women. After the change, Danmarks Statistik counted 129 men at crisis centres in 2024, against 3,106 women.",
   "source": "DR Nyheder, 6 October 2023 (with bill L 104 2023-24, Folketinget)",
   "url": "https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/ligestillingsminister-maend-skal-ogsaa-have-ret-til-komme-paa-krisecenter",
   "sourceType": "major-outlet"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-193",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The state-funded",
   "claim": "Sweden's national objective for partner violence names men only as perpetrators",
   "figure": "2026 (current text, goal structure dating from 2006), Sweden",
   "detail": "The sixth national gender-equality sub-goal, under which domestic and partner violence policy is organised, is titled 'Mäns våld mot kvinnor ska upphöra'. Male victims are addressed under this heading; the agency's own page on the goal acknowledges that men are also subjected to violence in close relationships.",
   "source": "Jämställdhetsmyndigheten, Delmål 6 page",
   "url": "https://jamstalldhetsmyndigheten.se/jamstalldhet-i-sverige/delmal-6-mans-vald-mot-kvinnor-ska-upphora/",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-194",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The organised",
   "claim": "Open letter halts University of York marking of International Men's Day",
   "figure": "2015, United Kingdom",
   "detail": "On 12 November 2015 the University of York announced it would mark International Men's Day (19 November). An open letter signed by roughly 200 staff, students and alumni, addressed to the university registrar, objected to the plan and demanded a full account of how the decision was reached. On the morning of 16 November senior management cancelled the planned marking; the letter was published later that day, having circulated for signatures beforehand. A counter-petition to reinstate the marking gathered over 4,000 signatures. Covered by BBC News, Times Higher Education and national press.",
   "source": "The open letter itself, published by the signatories (primary); cancellation and counter-petition confirmed by BBC News and York Vision timeline",
   "url": "https://yorkopenletter.wordpress.com/",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-195",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The organised",
   "claim": "Ryerson Students' Union refuses club status to Men's Issues Awareness Society",
   "figure": "2015-2018, Canada",
   "detail": "The Men's Issues Awareness Society applied to the RSU for official club status on 19 October 2015. The RSU rejected the application on 27 October 2015 and its board rejected the appeal on 26 January 2016, leaving the group excluded from club services including funding, advertising and free room bookings. In its decision the union questioned whether the group would acknowledge systemic privilege and cited its association with the Canadian Association for Equality, as reported by The Globe and Mail in November 2015. The students challenged the denial in court; on 26 February 2018 an Ontario court dismissed the case, heard together with two similar challenges against other Ontario student unions.",
   "source": "Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms litigation record for Men's Issues Awareness Society v Ryerson Students' Union; also reported by The Globe and Mail (Nov 2015)",
   "url": "https://www.jccf.ca/court_cases/ryerson-mens-issues-awareness-society-v-ryerson-students-union/",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-196",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The organised",
   "claim": "Canadian Federation of Students adopts policy against men's rights awareness groups",
   "figure": "2013, Canada",
   "detail": "In 2013 the Canadian Federation of Students, a national federation of student unions, amended a policy to formally oppose men's rights awareness groups on campuses. The Globe and Mail reported that the amended policy stated such groups promote messages that claim to be of equality but are in fact misogynist, sexist and homophobic responses to what the policy called \"the challenge of cis-male privilege in society\". Two years later the Ryerson Students' Union, a CFS member, refused certification to a men's issues group for the second time in two years, citing doubts about whether the group would acknowledge systemic privilege and its association with the Canadian Association for Equality.",
   "source": "The Globe and Mail, 'Ryerson men's issues group says students' union shutting out male voices' (9 Nov 2015), which describes the 2013 CFS policy amendment",
   "url": "https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/ryerson-mens-issues-group-says-student-union-shutting-out-male-voices/article27180128/",
   "sourceType": "major-outlet"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-197",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The organised",
   "claim": "Protesters blockade Warren Farrell lecture at the University of Toronto",
   "figure": "2012, Canada",
   "detail": "On 16 November 2012, protesters physically barred the main doors of a campus lecture by Warren Farrell on boys' and men's issues, hosted by the Canadian Association for Equality. Toronto Police and campus police broke up the blockade; The Varsity, reporting from the scene, said one protester was arrested after a scuffle and later released without charges. The lecture proceeded. The full protest is on video (Internet Archive, StudioBrule) and was covered by The Varsity and Maclean's; a later Vice article described how \"a group of students barred the doors of the lecture hall in protest\".",
   "source": "Vice News report from the event; corroborated by Maclean's, The Varsity, and full video on the Internet Archive",
   "url": "https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd4nd7/we-went-to-a-mens-rights-lecture-in-toronto",
   "sourceType": "major-outlet"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-198",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The organised",
   "claim": "SFU Women's Centre opposes proposed men's centre at Simon Fraser University",
   "figure": "2012, Canada",
   "detail": "After the Simon Fraser Student Society approved 30,000 dollars in 2012 to establish a men's centre, the plan drew public criticism on campus. The Tyee reported that the SFU Women's Centre's website explained the need for women's centres with the line 'The men's centre is everywhere else'. A women's studies student made a video against the proposal, saying a separate men's centre was not necessary to address mental health issues, and a gender studies instructor argued the project could create formal equality without substantive equality, while saying she was not opposed to the idea itself.",
   "source": "The Tyee, 'Does Simon Fraser University Need a Men's Centre?' (3 May 2012), quoting the SFU Women's Centre website and named opponents",
   "url": "https://thetyee.ca/News/2012/05/03/SFU-Mens-Centre/",
   "sourceType": "major-outlet"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-199",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The organised",
   "claim": "Petition prompts Palace Cinemas to cancel Melbourne screening of The Red Pill",
   "figure": "2016, Australia",
   "detail": "A petition created on 21 October 2016 and signed by 2,301 people asked Palace Cinemas to cancel a booked 6 November 2016 screening of Cassie Jaye's documentary The Red Pill, branding the film misogynistic propaganda. Palace's Kino Cinema cancelled the booking, citing the volume of responses in its letter to the organisers.",
   "source": "The Change.org petition (primary document, signature count and date verified); cancellation letter quoted in contemporaneous press coverage",
   "url": "https://www.change.org/p/palace-cinemas-stop-palace-cinemas-screening-the-red-pill-film",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-200",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The organised",
   "claim": "University of Sydney Union withdraws support from The Red Pill screening; protest ends in arrest",
   "figure": "2017, Australia",
   "detail": "Ahead of a screening of The Red Pill organised by three of its affiliated clubs, BROSoc, Students for Liberty and the Conservative Club, the USU withdrew funding and resources after complaints from other students. The clubs ran the screening independently in a campus lecture hall on 11 May 2017, where a protest of over 50 students organised by Fascist Free USyd led to physical altercations and one arrest, reported first hand by the university's student newspaper Honi Soit.",
   "source": "Honi Soit, 'Protesters clash, one arrested, outside The Red Pill screening' (May 2017)",
   "url": "https://honisoit.com/2017/05/protesters-clash-one-arrested-outside-the-red-pill-screening/",
   "sourceType": "major-outlet"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-201",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The organised",
   "claim": "Women's Aid campaign leads to repeal of the presumption of parental involvement in England and Wales",
   "figure": "2016-2025, United Kingdom",
   "detail": "Women's Aid ran a roughly decade-long campaign, from the 2016 Nineteen Child Homicides report and Child First campaign through the 2025 report 19 More Child Homicides, against the statutory presumption inserted into the Children Act 1989 in 2014 that a parent's involvement furthers a child's welfare. On 22 October 2025 the Ministry of Justice announced its decision to repeal the presumption; legislation to enact the repeal was still to come, and Women's Aid claimed the campaign win in its own announcement while pressing for the law to be changed urgently. Framing for the page: the presumption was gender-neutral on its face but in practice governed mainly non-resident parents, most of whom are fathers; Women's Aid's stated grounds were child safety in domestic abuse cases, not opposition to fathers as such, though its announcement attacks a pro-contact culture it says placed the rights of abusive fathers over children's safety. State both.",
   "source": "Women's Aid's own announcement marking the Ministry of Justice decision (22 October 2025); corroborated by ICLG and Law Gazette reporting",
   "url": "https://womensaid.org.uk/womens-aid-marks-momentous-ministry-of-justice-decision/",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-202",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The organised",
   "claim": "Dendy cinemas drop sold-out Red Pill sessions in Newtown and Canberra",
   "figure": "2017, Australia",
   "detail": "A sold-out 26 April 2017 FanForce session of The Red Pill at Dendy Newtown was cancelled, and a 17 May session at Dendy Canberra was also dropped. Contemporary reports attributed the cancellations to public backlash and petitions against the film, which petitioners against the earlier Melbourne premiere had called misogynistic propaganda.",
   "source": "Now To Love (Are Media), 'Dendy bans controversial men's rights film'; also reported by news.com.au and Marie Claire Australia",
   "url": "https://www.nowtolove.com.au/news/local-news/dendy-bans-controversial-mens-rights-film-36805/",
   "sourceType": "major-outlet"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-203",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The organised",
   "claim": "Ottawa's Mayfair Theatre pulls a screening booked by a men's equality charity",
   "figure": "2016, Canada",
   "detail": "In early December 2016 the independent Mayfair Theatre in Ottawa cancelled a screening of The Red Pill booked by the Canadian Association for Equality, a registered Canadian charity whose character critics dispute. Co-owner Lee Demarbre told CBC that long-time patrons and a sponsor threatened to stop doing business with the venue if the screening went ahead; Vice reported that objectors, including Carleton University women's advocates, also noted the booking fell two days before the anniversary of the Ecole Polytechnique shootings. Honesty note for the page: after cancelling, Demarbre said the online abuse he then received from the film's supporters convinced him the critics had been right about the group, so the aftermath cuts both ways and should be presented as such.",
   "source": "Vice Canada interview with Mayfair co-owner Lee Demarbre; also reported by CBC News Ottawa ('Mayfair Theatre cancels showing of men's rights documentary The Red Pill', December 2016)",
   "url": "https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/mvknxy/why-an-ottawa-theatre-pulled-a-screening-of-a-mens-rights-documentary",
   "sourceType": "major-outlet"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-204",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The classroom and the clinic",
   "claim": "Blind versus non-blind grading of Israeli matriculation exams: boys marked down in every subject",
   "figure": "2008, Israel",
   "detail": "Natural experiment in the Israeli matriculation system, cohorts of 2000 to 2002. Each pupil receives two scores per subject: a state exam graded anonymously by two external examiners, and a school exam built to the same format from the same official question bank, taken a few weeks earlier and graded by the pupil's own teacher, who knows the pupil's name and sex. Comparing the blind and non-blind score gaps by sex, boys fared worse under non-blind grading relative to girls in all nine subjects tested, humanities and sciences alike, by roughly 0.05 to 0.25 of a standard deviation. The paper tests student-side explanations, finds no support for them, and concludes the difference results from teachers' behaviour, not students' behaviour.",
   "source": "Lavy, V., Journal of Public Economics 92 (2008), pp. 2083-2105 (full text hosted by University of Warwick)",
   "url": "https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/vlavy/lavy_j.public.e_10.2008_gender_steriotypes.pdf",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-205",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The classroom and the clinic",
   "claim": "French middle schools: teachers' grading favours girls and boys then fall further behind",
   "figure": "2020, France",
   "detail": "Combination of blind and non-blind test scores in 35 French middle schools showed teachers grade girls higher than external blind grading warrants, especially in maths. The gender gap in grading accounts for a substantial share of boys falling behind in maths over middle school, with effects visible in national evaluations three years later.",
   "source": "Terrier, C., Economics of Education Review, vol. 77, 2020; also IZA Discussion Paper 10343 and LSE CEP",
   "url": "https://docs.iza.org/dp10343.pdf",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-206",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The classroom and the clinic",
   "claim": "US primary schools: boys with equal test scores receive lower teacher grades",
   "figure": "2013, United States",
   "detail": "In the ECLS-K study, a nationally representative US cohort followed from kindergarten in 1998-99 through fifth grade, boys who scored as well as girls on reading, maths and science tests still received lower teacher-awarded grades. The gap disappears once teachers' ratings of classroom behaviour (so-called non-cognitive skills) are taken into account, and in some specifications boys rated as behaving like girls received a grade bonus.",
   "source": "Cornwell, C., Mustard, D., Van Parys, J., Journal of Human Resources 48(1), 2013, pp. 236-264",
   "url": "https://jhr.uwpress.org/content/48/1/236.abstract",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-207",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The classroom and the clinic",
   "claim": "Swedish junior high maths: final grades versus externally set test scores show bias against boys",
   "figure": "2020, Sweden",
   "detail": "Compared teacher-set final grades in junior high mathematics with introductory high school test scores based on the same syllabus. Teachers have discretion over final grades, which are not externally moderated. The gap between the two measures is consistent with grading bias against boys.",
   "source": "Berg, P., Palmgren, O., Tyrefors, B., Applied Economics Letters 27(11), 2020, pp. 915-919 (citation record at RePEc/IDEAS)",
   "url": "https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/apeclt/v27y2020i11p915-919.html",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-208",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The classroom and the clinic",
   "claim": "The OECD's own report: girls get higher marks than PISA performance predicts, and it tells teachers to check their gender bias",
   "figure": "2015, OECD (international, incl. Nordic countries)",
   "detail": "The OECD report The ABC of Gender Equality in Education (Paris, 2015) documents across PISA countries that teachers award girls higher marks than their measured performance predicts, that boys with equal performance are more likely to have repeated a grade, and it includes an explicit recommendation headed 'Train teachers to be aware of their own gender biases'.",
   "source": "OECD (2015), The ABC of Gender Equality in Education: Aptitude, Behaviour, Confidence, OECD Publishing, Paris (official PDF, quotes verified in full text)",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2015/03/the-abc-of-gender-equality-in-education_g1g51025/9789264229945-en.pdf",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-209",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The classroom and the clinic",
   "claim": "The APA's boys-and-men guidelines: the contested claim and the concession, in one document",
   "figure": "2018 (guidelines); 2023 (critique), United States",
   "detail": "The 2018 APA Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Boys and Men state that socialization for conforming to traditional masculinity ideology has been shown to limit males' psychological development and constrain their behavior, a framing that drew peer-reviewed criticism for treating masculinity itself as the pathology. Page 3 of the same document also concedes the other direction, verbatim: 'Other investigations have identified systemic gender bias toward adult men in psychotherapy... and in other helping services such as domestic abuse shelters', citing Mahalik et al. 2012 and Douglas and Hines 2011, and notes that boys may be disproportionately diagnosed with ADHD because of therapists' gender role stereotypes.",
   "source": "APA, Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Boys and Men (2018), pages 3-4",
   "url": "https://www.apa.org/about/policy/boys-men-practice-guidelines.pdf",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-210",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The classroom and the clinic",
   "claim": "Male depression undercounted: gender gap disappears when male-typical symptoms are measured",
   "figure": "2013, United States",
   "detail": "Analysis of the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication: on a scale combining conventional depression criteria with alternative symptoms more often reported by men (anger attacks or aggression, substance abuse, risk taking), men and women met depression criteria in statistically indistinguishable proportions, 30.6 percent of men versus 33.3 percent of women (P = .57). On the alternative-symptoms-only scale, more men than women met criteria (26.3 percent versus 21.9 percent).",
   "source": "Martin, L.A., Neighbors, H.W., Griffith, D.M., JAMA Psychiatry 70(10), 2013, pp. 1100-1106 (PubMed record)",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23986338/",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-211",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The classroom and the clinic",
   "claim": "Primary care physicians less likely to detect mental health problems in male patients",
   "figure": "2000, United States",
   "detail": "Cross-sectional study within the Medical Outcomes Study of 19,309 patients and 349 internists and family physicians: physicians were significantly less likely to detect existing mental health problems in male patients (odds ratio 0.64, 95 percent CI 0.54 to 0.75), in an analysis that also accounted for coexisting medical conditions. The same analysis found under-detection for African Americans and patients under 35, and the paper's conclusion calls for strategies to improve detection of mental health problems among African Americans, Hispanics, and men.",
   "source": "Borowsky, S.J., Rubenstein, L.V., Meredith, L.S., Camp, P., Jackson-Triche, M., Wells, K.B., Journal of General Internal Medicine 15, 2000, pp. 381-388 (PubMed record)",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10886472/",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-212",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The classroom and the clinic",
   "claim": "Violence against men judged less serious than identical violence against women",
   "figure": "2005, United States",
   "detail": "Undergraduate participants read one of four domestic abuse vignettes that were identical except for the sex and sexual orientation of the people involved. Victim sex, rather than sexual orientation, was the strongest predictor of responses. Violence perpetrated by men or against women was judged more serious than the same violence perpetrated by women or against men, and male-against-female violence was rated the most serious and most deserving of active intervention.",
   "source": "Seelau, S.M., Seelau, E.P., Journal of Family Violence 20(6), 2005, pp. 363-371 (Springer)",
   "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10896-005-7798-4",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-213",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The classroom and the clinic",
   "claim": "Male victims of partner violence report worst treatment from the domestic violence service system itself",
   "figure": "2011, United States",
   "detail": "First large-scale quantitative study of help-seeking by men who sustained partner violence from female partners (n=302). Men reported the most positive experiences with family, friends, and mental health and medical providers, and the least positive experiences with the formal domestic violence service system.",
   "source": "Douglas, E.M., Hines, D.A., Journal of Family Violence 26(6), 2011, pp. 473-485 (PubMed record)",
   "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21935262/",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-214",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The feed",
   "claim": "Reddit's 2020 hate rule excluded 'the majority' from protection, in writing",
   "figure": "2020, United States (global platform)",
   "detail": "Reddit's 29 June 2020 content policy update stated in its own text that the rule against promoting hate \"does not protect all groups or all forms of identity\", giving \"groups of people who are in the majority\" as the example of who is not protected. The policy did not define majority. Critics, including Reddit users, pointed out that groups targeted by hate can themselves be numerical majorities, women being the example the source records. By 1 July 2020 Reddit had removed the majority wording and replaced it with language about bad-faith claims of discrimination. For roughly two days a major platform's published policy made hate protections explicitly conditional on group status rather than universal.",
   "source": "The Future of Free Speech (research centre at Vanderbilt University, founded by Justitia, Denmark), report 'Scope Creep: An Assessment of 8 Social Media Platforms' Hate Speech Policies' (2023), quoting and footnoting the 2020 policy text",
   "url": "https://futurefreespeech.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Reddit.pdf",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-215",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The feed",
   "claim": "Facebook's WoW overhaul deprioritised automated action on hate aimed at men",
   "figure": "2020, United States (global platform)",
   "detail": "Internal documents on Facebook's 'Worst of the Worst' (WoW) hate-speech overhaul, reported 3 December 2020 by The Washington Post and Forbes, show the company retrained its automated systems so that hate speech directed at whites, men and Americans was treated as low-sensitivity and no longer proactively deleted, an estimated 10,000 such posts a day that had previously been auto-removed. The written policy still bans gender-based hate symmetrically; the change was in enforcement. Facebook confirmed the reprioritisation in a public statement.",
   "source": "Forbes, 'On Facebook, Comments About Whites, Men, And Americans Will Face Less Moderation' (3 December 2020), reporting internal WoW documents first obtained by The Washington Post (washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/12/03/facebook-hate-speech/)",
   "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/12/03/on-facebook-comments-about-whites-men-and-americans-will-face-less-moderation/",
   "sourceType": "major-outlet"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-216",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The models",
   "claim": "AI models give female perpetrators a sentencing discount for partner violence",
   "figure": "2026, Israel (audit of US and international AI models)",
   "detail": "Experimental vignette study in the journal Artificial Intelligence and Law. Six AI models evaluated identical criminal scenarios with genders swapped; Claude declined to answer, leaving five testable models. In intimate partner violence scenarios, all five recommended substantially harsher sentences and higher stigmatization for male perpetrators than for identical female perpetrators, with effect sizes from medium to very large; ChatGPT's gap was nearly two years (6.40 versus 4.45 years). For ChatGPT, Grok and DeepSeek the disparity was specific to partner violence, with no significant gap for robbery or financial fraud, while Perplexity and Gemini sentenced male perpetrators more harshly across all three offense types.",
   "source": "Artificial Intelligence and Law (Springer), Lam and Mesch, 2026",
   "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10506-026-09504-x",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-217",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The models",
   "claim": "LLM abuse detection weakens when the victim is a man",
   "figure": "2026, United States",
   "detail": "Peer-reviewed study at the ACL NLP+CSS workshop testing LLMs on intimate partner violence detection. Abuse and intent detection systematically decreased in mixed-gender dyads where the victim was male. A female perpetrator was a consistent negative predictor of the model recognising abuse at all.",
   "source": "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on NLP and Computational Social Science, ACL Anthology, 2026",
   "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2026.nlpcss-1.13/",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-218",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The models",
   "claim": "In relationship conflicts, models side with the woman",
   "figure": "2024, United States",
   "detail": "Peer-reviewed study in Findings of EMNLP 2024 using the DeMET vignette dataset of relationship conflicts. When asked to decide who is right or deserves support in identical scenarios, models consistently favoured the woman, then gender-neutral names, then men.",
   "source": "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024",
   "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-emnlp.331/",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-219",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The models",
   "claim": "Safety guardrails protect men least",
   "figure": "2025, United States",
   "detail": "Systematic audit of how often GPT-4o, Gemini Pro 1.5 and Llama 3.1 70B refuse requests to generate demeaning content about different groups. The authors report that 'relatively majority groups (e.g, men) have a lower refusal rate': men and women drew the fewest refusals of the five gender categories tested, transgender men and women the most, and when two low-refusal groups were merged in intersectional prompts, merging with men aligned the result to the lower refusal rate while merging with women aligned it to the higher one. Table 3 reproduces a model writing 'The Separated Man: A Study in Irresponsibility' on request while flatly refusing a parallel demeaning request about another group. One honest caveat the page should keep: GPT-4o alone showed no statistically significant gender refusal gap.",
   "source": "arXiv preprint 2510.27087, Characterizing Selective Refusal Bias in Large Language Models, 2025",
   "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27087",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-220",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The models",
   "claim": "Identity-swapped jokes: refusals shift with who the joke is about",
   "figure": "2026, South Korea and United States",
   "detail": "Counterfactual humor audit: identical jokes with only the identity labels swapped. Refusal and maliciousness judgments swing sharply with the direction of the identity pair; the paper reports male-to-female joke configurations refused more often than female-to-male, alongside large speaker-privilege asymmetries.",
   "source": "ACL 2026 main conference, Investigating Counterfactual Unfairness in LLMs towards Identities through Humor",
   "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.18729",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-221",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The models",
   "claim": "Anthropic's own audit: favorable decisions tilt away from the male baseline",
   "figure": "2023, United States",
   "detail": "Anthropic's published discrimination evaluation of its own Claude 2 model across 70 hypothetical decision scenarios (loans, visas, hiring, parole). With demographics varied and everything else held constant, the model gave favourable decisions at measurably higher rates to women and non-binary subjects than to otherwise identical men, alongside race effects and negative discrimination by age. Anthropic released the dataset and proposed mitigations.",
   "source": "Evaluating and Mitigating Discrimination in Language Model Decisions, Anthropic, arXiv 2312.03689, December 2023",
   "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.03689",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-222",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The models",
   "claim": "A federal women's health research office since 1990; every men's equivalent bill has died",
   "figure": "1990 to 2026, United States",
   "detail": "The NIH Office of Research on Women's Health was established in 1990 and written into statute by the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993. Since 2000, bills to create a federal Office of Men's Health have been introduced in at least six Congresses: H.R. 4653 (106th, 2000), H.R. 632 (107th, 2001, sponsor Rep. Randy Cunningham, 126 cosponsors from both parties), H.R. 1734 (108th, 2003), H.R. 457 (109th, 2005), H.R. 5986 (117th, 2021), and H.R. 4182 (118th, 2023). Every one died in committee without a floor vote; no such bill has ever passed. The latest attempt, H.R. 7602, the State of Men's Health Act, introduced on 20 February 2026 with equal Republican and Democratic cosponsors, is pending before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.",
   "source": "GovTrack / Congress.gov legislative records for H.R. 632 (107th Congress) and successors",
   "url": "https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/107/hr632",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-223",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The models",
   "claim": "NIJ research funding scoped male victims out by definition",
   "figure": "2004, United States",
   "detail": "NIJ's November 2004 solicitation 'Violence Against Women Research and Evaluation' defined its subject so that male victims were outside scope by construction. Peer-reviewed literature (Straus 2010, Partner Abuse) additionally documents that a December 2005 NIJ solicitation stated studies involving male victims were not eligible for funding.",
   "source": "NIJ Solicitation for Concept Papers, Violence Against Women Research and Evaluation, November 2004 (Office of Justice Programs document sl000690)",
   "url": "https://www.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh241/files/media/document/sl000690.pdf",
   "sourceType": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-224",
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "topic": "The pushback, documented",
   "section": "The models",
   "claim": "Peer-reviewed record of concealing gender-symmetry evidence in violence research",
   "figure": "2010, United States",
   "detail": "Straus documents seven named methods used against evidence that partner violence is roughly gender-symmetric, with concrete cases: the 1979 Kentucky Commission on Women survey reported only male-perpetrated assaults although it found roughly equal rates; the published version of Kennedy and Dutton's 1989 Canadian study omitted the wife-to-husband data present in the prepublication version; sections are titled 'Method 1: Conceal the Evidence', 'Method 5: Block Publication of Articles That Report Gender Symmetry', 'Method 6: Prevent Funding of Research to Investigate Female Partner Violence' and 'Method 7: Harass, Threaten, or Penalize Researchers Who Publish Evidence on Gender Symmetry'.",
   "source": "Straus, M. A. (2010). Thirty Years of Denying the Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence. Partner Abuse, 1(3), 332-362",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.1.3.332",
   "sourceType": "academic"
  }
 ],
 "refused": [
  {
   "page": "index.html",
   "claim": "63 percent of youth suicides come from fatherless homes.",
   "why": "Along with the 85 percent of prisoners and 90 percent of runaways that travel with it, this has no traceable primary source. The figures are attributed to US federal agencies and appear in no federal publication and no peer-reviewed study. Suicide is multicausal and no research assigns it a share like this. Using them would hand an opponent a free win."
  },
  {
   "page": "index.html",
   "claim": "Mothers win 90 percent of custody cases because judges discriminate.",
   "why": "The percentage conflates all residence arrangements, most of which parents agree without a court, with the small contested fraction a judge actually decides. Almost no state publishes contested-outcome statistics by parent sex, which is the gap our family law page documents. A number that cannot be traced to published adjudicated data cannot be carried, in either direction."
  },
  {
   "page": "index.html",
   "claim": "Family courts are biased against fathers, and the Strasbourg case law proves it.",
   "why": "Our own red team banned this one. Every conviction we cite rests on the state failing to enforce contact swiftly, and no judgment in that line contains a finding of judicial bias. Where a discrimination complaint was actually raised alongside the enforcement complaint, in Terna v. Italy, the Court rejected it and still found the enforcement violation. The provable thing is enforcement failure."
  },
  {
   "page": "index.html",
   "claim": "Parental alienation is a recognised medical diagnosis.",
   "why": "The WHO removed it as an index term from ICD-11 in 2020, stating that including it for coding would not contribute to valid or meaningful health statistics, and it is not in DSM-5. The behaviour it describes can be documented without the contested label, and the label is the easiest part of any argument to take apart."
  },
  {
   "page": "index.html",
   "claim": "One in three Norwegian boys cannot read.",
   "why": "The real figure is that 34 percent of Norwegian boys scored below Level 2 in PISA 2022, which is the OECD baseline, not literacy. Below Level 2 means struggling to identify the main idea in a text of moderate length. The OECD never describes these students as unable to read, and neither will we."
  },
  {
   "page": "index.html",
   "claim": "The first year after a separation is the most dangerous for a man.",
   "why": "We carried this until a check caught it. The 2025 review of 75 studies says risk is greatest in the immediate aftermath and reports four studies where it dissipates over time. It names no first-year peak. The sharpest timing figure inside it is a 13.20 times likelihood in the 30 days after a separation is lodged, and that is what we say now."
  },
  {
   "page": "index.html",
   "claim": "This is a backlash organised by feminists, or alternatively it is all the fault of the patriarchy.",
   "why": "Both are motive claims and both are banned here, symmetrically. Neither can be established with evidence, and each is used to avoid the argument rather than to make one. This campaign reports what institutions did, funded, published and measured. Actions, not motives, in either direction."
  },
  {
   "page": "index.html",
   "claim": "Norway adopted the 35 measures its Men's Equality Commission proposed.",
   "why": "It did not. A commission proposing something is not a state adopting it, and the follow-up record is the evidence, not the proposal: the earlier Stoltenberg committee's flexible school start drew interest from two municipalities, and its national pupil data register got a legal basis six years after the report. Naming a proposal as a result is the mistake we would criticise in others."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "63% of youth suicides are from fatherless homes (attributed to US DHHS / Bureau of the Census)",
   "why": "No traceable primary document exists. The figure circulates through advocacy fact sheets, a 2019 Oregon legislature submission and even the 2013 Congressional Record, always with the same vague agency attribution and never a report title, year or table. The Census Bureau does not collect suicide data by family structure, and no DHHS publication matching the claim can be located. Do not use in any form."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "85% of youths in prison grew up in fatherless homes (attributed to Fulton County jail populations / Texas Dept. of Corrections 1992)",
   "why": "Same untraceable attribution chain as the 63% statistic: the cited agencies have no locatable publication containing the figure. The actual peer-reviewed evidence, Harper and McLanahan (2004, Journal of Research on Adolescence, NLSY data), found elevated incarceration risk for father-absent youth but reported that a sizable portion of it was attributable to teen motherhood, low parental education, racial inequality and poverty, and that stepparent families showed the highest risks."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Children from fatherless homes are 20 times more likely to be incarcerated",
   "why": "No primary source produces anything near a 20-fold risk. The strongest longitudinal study on the question (Harper and McLanahan 2004) shows modest elevated odds that shrink substantially after background controls. Citing a 20x figure would hand hostile fact-checkers an easy kill."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "One in four new fathers develops postnatal depression",
   "why": "Misreads Paulson and Bazemore (2010). The 25.6% figure applies only to the 3 to 6 month postpartum window and carries a wide confidence interval (17.3 to 36.1); the overall meta-estimate across the prenatal to 12 month period is 10.4%. Quote 10.4% as the headline and 25.6% only as the peak-window estimate with its CI."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "90% of homeless and runaway children are from fatherless homes",
   "why": "Belongs to the same cluster of recycled 1990s advocacy statistics as the 63% and 85% claims: repeated across compilations with agency-style attributions that resolve to no locatable report. Verification attempts find only secondary sheets citing each other."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Father involvement raises children's IQ (stated as cause and effect)",
   "why": "The meta-analytic evidence (Jeynes 2015, McWayne 2013) is associational, with small effects around d = 0.2, and no randomized or natural-experiment design licenses a causal IQ claim. The defensible causal-adjacent material is the within-family longitudinal work (Cano et al. 2019) and it speaks of cognitive test score improvements from educational time together, not IQ gains from involvement generally."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "85 percent of youths in prison, or 90 percent of felons, grew up in fatherless homes",
   "why": "PolitiFact rated the 90 percent version Mostly False in 2013. Sara McLanahan, the field's leading researcher, told PolitiFact: 'I cannot think of any data that would give this information.' Bureau of Justice Statistics inmate surveys show 56-57 percent of inmates grew up in something other than a two-parent home, nowhere near 85-90 percent. See https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2013/apr/18/john-duncan/rep-john-duncan-jr-says-90-percent-felons-grew-fat/"
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Father absence causes lower adult earnings and less college completion",
   "why": "The flagship causal review itself refuses this: McLanahan, Tach and Schneider 2013 state 'there is little consistent evidence of negative effects on marriage or divorce, on income or earnings, or on college education.' Claiming it would contradict our own strongest source. Publish the refusal next to the claims we do make."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Father absence costs US taxpayers 100 billion dollars a year",
   "why": "Traces to Nock and Einolf 2008, a report commissioned by the National Fatherhood Initiative, not peer-reviewed. It tallies federal spending directed at father-absent households and assumes absence caused that spending, which is an accounting exercise, not a causal estimate. Fails our flagship-or-peer-reviewed rule for effect claims."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "85% of youths in prison come from fatherless homes",
   "why": "Attributed to 'Fulton County Georgia jail populations' and 'Texas Dept. of Corrections 1992', neither of which corresponds to any retrievable published document. It is a 30+ year old unpublished tally repeated across advocacy sites and social media without a primary source. Same base-rate and causation problems as the suicide figure."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Boys from fatherless homes are 14 times more likely to commit rape",
   "why": "Michael Flood traced this figure and found it was manufactured by faulty extrapolation from a small clinical typology study; his analysis states that 'Bogus statistics, with no factual basis, are used by some advocates for fathers' rights' and shows the 14x number derives from misreading a finding about one rapist subtype. Verified at https://xyonline.net/content/dodgy-methods-and-bogus-statistics."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Shared parenting only benefits children of wealthy, cooperative, low-conflict parents",
   "why": "Nielsen's 2018 review of 60 studies checked exactly this: in the 25 studies controlling family income and the 19 controlling parental conflict, joint physical custody children still had equal or better outcomes in nearly all studies. The claim survives in commentary but not in the comparative evidence. Note the mirror-image overclaim is also banned: none of this proves custody arrangements cause the better outcomes, since no study randomizes custody."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Father quotas reliably strengthen couples and equalize homes everywhere",
   "why": "The quasi-experimental record is split by design and context and must not be flattened. Sweden's 1995 daddy month increased couples' probability of separation (Avdic and Karimi 2018, AEJ Applied 10(4):283-307, verbatim: 'increased the take-up of fathers' leave but also increased their probability of separation'), and Sweden's reform showed 'no behavioral effects in the household' on care for sick children (Ekberg, Eriksson and Friebel 2013, Journal of Public Economics 97:131-143). Iceland and Norway findings are real but country and design specific; claim them one reform at a time."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Fatherhood makes men more productive workers (the fatherhood wage premium as a causal universal)",
   "why": "Killewald 2013 (ASR, fixed effects, NLSY79, verified) shows the premium is about 4 percent and exists only for married, coresident, biological fathers; unmarried, nonresident and stepfathers receive none, and even the married-father premium is not significant when wives work full time. Only about 15 percent is explained by measured productivity proxies. State it as a conditional association, never as proof that children make men productive."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Raw father-absence gaps (X times more likely to drop out, be poor, offend) quoted as causal effects of fatherlessness",
   "why": "McLanahan, Tach and Schneider 2013 (Annual Review of Sociology, verified) show that when selection is addressed with sibling comparisons, fixed effects and natural experiments, causal effects of father absence survive for some outcomes but are smaller than cross-sectional comparisons suggest. Any headline that quotes the raw gap as the causal effect overstates, and hostile fact-checkers know it. The site should cite the causal-design magnitudes instead."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "The UN and WHO already address fatherhood, so no institutional gap exists",
   "why": "Checked and the opposite holds, with two partial exceptions worth conceding to stay honest: WHO's Regional Office for Europe published one review, Fatherhood and Health Outcomes in Europe (2007, E91129, verified at iris.who.int/handle/10665/108571), and UN DESA published Men in Families and Family Policy in a Changing World (2011, verified at un.org). Neither is a strategy, a standard or an indicator; the SDG framework contains zero father or paternity mentions and the ILO confirms no standard regulates paternity leave. Cite the two documents as precedents, not as coverage."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "85% of children who show behavior disorders come from fatherless homes, 20 times the average (attributed to the Centers for Disease Control)",
   "why": "Untraceable: CDC has never published such a figure and its surveillance of behavioral disorders does not tabulate cases by father presence. The appended multiplier ('20 times the average') is arithmetic manufactured from the unsourced percentage and an assumed base rate, so it inherits the untraceability. The same phantom CDC attribution appears in the 2013 Congressional Record recitation, showing how the list launders itself into official-looking venues without ever touching a primary document."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "71% of all high school dropouts come from fatherless homes (attributed to a 'National Principals Association Report on the State of High Schools')",
   "why": "The cited report cannot be located and the principals' organization in the US during the relevant decades was the National Association of Secondary School Principals, which has no such publication. The genuinely measured association is about a twofold higher dropout risk for children outside two-parent homes (McLanahan and Sandefur's four-dataset analysis: 'twice as likely to drop out of high school'), which is nowhere near the 9x concentration the 71% claim implies. The real number is strong enough; the fake one invites a debunking that takes the whole page down with it."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "90% of all homeless and runaway children are from fatherless homes, 32 times the average (attributed to US DHHS / Bureau of the Census)",
   "why": "Same phantom attribution pattern as the suicide statistic and equally untraceable: neither agency has a publication containing it, and runaway-youth research (family conflict and abuse studies) reports mixed family structures, not a 90% concentration. It was recited in the 2013 Congressional Record as 'according to the U.S. Census Bureau Reports', an agency that does not collect data on runaway episodes at all."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "85% of all youths in prison come from fatherless homes (attributed to Fulton County, Georgia jail populations and Texas Department of Corrections, 1992)",
   "why": "Even taken at face value this is two local, non-representative correctional samples from one year, not a national statistic. Nationally representative Bureau of Justice Statistics inmate surveys contradict it: per PolitiFact's 2013 review, the Survey of Inmates in Local Jails found almost 40 percent of inmates had lived with both parents, and the 2004 state and federal facility survey found 43 percent grew up with both parents. A figure of 85 to 90 percent fatherless is flatly inconsistent with the best available data."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Well over 90% of felony cases are committed by people who grew up in father-absent households (Rep. John Duncan Jr. version of the prison claim)",
   "why": "PolitiFact rated this Mostly False in April 2013 and traced its origin to a probation counselor's decades-old anecdotal recollection ('chief probation counselor Gary Tullock told him it was actually 98 percent'), not to any dataset. Sara McLanahan, the leading scholar of father absence, told PolitiFact: 'I cannot think of any data that would give this information.' When the researcher most cited by the fatherhood movement disowns the number, the campaign must too."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Boys from a fatherless home are 14 times more likely to commit rape",
   "why": "Michael Flood (Fatherhood and Fatherlessness, The Australia Institute Discussion Paper 59, 2003) traced this to a 1994 email that misextrapolated a finding about one motivational subtype of rapists; his verdict: 'this statistic is an invention.' It nonetheless appeared in the UK National Fatherhood Forum's 12 Point Plan in 2003 and still circulates on fathers' rights sites. Flood's broader diagnosis applies to the entire genre: 'Bogus statistics, with no factual basis, are used by some advocates for fathers' rights in asserting their political agendas.' Publishing our refusal of these numbers is what separates the campaign from that genre."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Citing Sarkadi et al. (2008) as scientific proof for fatherless-homes doom statistics or as proof that father absence causes crime and suicide",
   "why": "The review contains none of the viral percentages and does not study suicide shares, dropout shares or prison populations. It is a systematic review of 24 longitudinal studies of father ENGAGEMENT, explicitly including non-biological father figures (e.g. 'cohabitation with the mother and her male partner is associated with less externalising behavioural problems'), and its evidence base is observational cohorts, not experiments. It supports the modest claim that engagement is associated with better outcomes, and nothing stronger; stretching it further misrepresents the authors."
  },
  {
   "page": "fatherhood.html",
   "claim": "Citing McLanahan (or McLanahan and Sandefur) as the source behind percentage claims like '90% of X are fatherless' or as proof that father absence is the principal cause of social problems",
   "why": "Her actual findings are roughly doubled risks for outcomes like dropping out, with about half of the disadvantage attributable to income, and her own 2013 Annual Review paper stresses that estimates shrink in designs that control for selection bias. She explicitly told PolitiFact no data exist for the 90 percent felony claim attributed to her field. Using her name to launder the viral list is misattribution, and it is precisely the kind of citation a hostile fact-checker will pull first."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Men kill themselves rather than killing others, as a character claim about men",
   "why": "The campaign's own red team killed this framing in the first build. The numbers support a comparison of scale between two death columns, not a causal or moral story about male character. We compare counts, nothing else."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "The male-to-female suicide ratio is 12.8 vs 5.4",
   "why": "Outdated 2019-vintage figures that still circulate. The current WHO GHO crude rates for 2021 are 12.4 vs 5.9. The register carries the live numbers and their indicator page."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "For every partner-violence death, six men die by suicide (stated as at least six)",
   "why": "Our own arithmetic gives 5.7 to one. The page says nearly six and shows the derivation. At least six overstates by rounding in our favour, so we do not say it."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "63% of youth suicides are from fatherless homes",
   "why": "Untraceable to any primary source; the trail dead-ends in 1990s advocacy material misattributed to US agencies. Fully documented on the fatherhood page. Using it would hand every opponent a free win."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Divorce causes male suicide",
   "why": "The Wilson 2025 odds ratios are associations with real confounders, including mental health prior to separation, and the authors say so. The honest claim is that separation marks the highest-risk window we can see, which is exactly where support should be aimed."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Sri Lanka's pesticide bans saved about 93,000 lives between 1995 and 2015",
   "why": "The figure comes from a Lancet Global Health comment (Knipe/Gunnell 2017, doi 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30208-5) that returned HTTP 403 on fetch, so no verbatim quote could be verified. Use the verified PLOS ONE figures instead: 21 percent overall drop 2011-2015, 50 percent drop in pesticide suicides, an estimated 937 fewer pesticide suicides in 2015 alone."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Gatekeeper training reduces suicide deaths",
   "why": "Not demonstrated. RCT evidence shows gains in knowledge and self-efficacy that decay over time; effects on actual intervention behavior are inconsistent and no trial shows an effect on suicide mortality. Zalsman 2016 explicitly classifies gatekeeper training as needing further investigation. Present it as promising but unproven, never as proven."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Means restriction just pushes people to other methods, so it does not work",
   "why": "Contradicted by the verified record. Sri Lanka's overall suicide rate fell 21 percent despite a small rise in non-pesticide methods; UK paracetamol deaths fell 43 percent with no offsetting rise establishing full substitution; the hotspot meta-analysis found large net reductions. Substitution is real but partial; overall rates fall. The page can state this directly with the verified sources."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "No-suicide contracts (getting patients to promise not to attempt) prevent suicide",
   "why": "No controlled evidence of effectiveness was found in this research pass, and the evidence-based literature (Stanley and Brown's own work) developed safety planning specifically as the replacement for contracting for safety. Do not present contracts as an intervention."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Safety planning reduces suicidal ideation",
   "why": "The Nuij 2021 meta-analysis found a significant effect on suicidal behaviour (RR 0.570) but explicitly states no significant effect was found for suicidal ideation. Keep the page's claim to behaviour, not ideation."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Helplines are proven to reduce suicide rates",
   "why": "Zalsman 2016 lists internet and helpline support among approaches needing further investigation. Helplines belong on the page as access to support (and are required by safe-messaging guidelines), but not as an intervention with demonstrated population-level effect on suicide rates."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Barriers at hotspots reduce suicides by 86 percent",
   "why": "Figure conflation risk. 86 percent is from the earlier 2013 structural-interventions meta-analysis (Pirkis group) covering jumping suicides at treated sites; the 2015 Lancet Psychiatry meta-analysis found IRR 0.09 (about 91 percent) for means restriction combined with other measures. Use one figure consistently with its matching source; the page should use the 2015 IRR 0.09 figure."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Most men who die by suicide never had contact with any health service",
   "why": "Fails verification. Both major reviews (Luoma 2002; Stene-Larsen and Reneflot 2019) show 75 to 80 percent had primary care contact in the final year and 44 to 45 percent in the final month. The defensible version is narrower: most were not in contact with specialist mental health services (about 1 in 4 to 1 in 3 in the final year), and men had lower contact than women."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Men's Sheds reduce suicide rates",
   "why": "No study in the systematic review literature measures suicide outcomes. The verified evidence covers self-rated health, social isolation and wellbeing, comes mostly from qualitative studies, and the review authors themselves call for longitudinal research to establish causal relationships. Present Sheds as a connection and wellbeing approach, not a proven suicide prevention measure."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Awareness campaigns have been proven to reduce male suicide deaths",
   "why": "The strongest trial evidence for male-targeted campaigns (the Man Up RCT) measured help-seeking intentions over 4 weeks, not suicidal behaviour or mortality. No verified source shows a campaign reducing male suicide deaths. Say campaigns can shift intentions and attitudes, with the effect size, and stop there."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Masculinity is toxic across the board for men's mental health",
   "why": "Wong 2017 found the associations are norm specific: self-reliance, power over women and playboy norms carried the unfavorable associations, while primacy of work was not significantly related to any mental health outcome. Overall effects were modest to moderate and correlational. A blanket claim overstates and mis-frames the meta-analytic record."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Therapy does not work for men",
   "why": "Not supported by any verified source. Seidler 2016 shows masculine norms affect symptom expression, help seeking and engagement, and concludes that tailoring may increase uptake and treatment efficacy. The problem documented in the literature is reach and engagement, not treatment inefficacy."
  },
  {
   "page": "suicide.html",
   "claim": "Male suicide is impulsive and unforeseeable, so services never get a chance",
   "why": "Contradicted by the Wales whole-population study: health service contact escalates in the weeks before death, with 31.4 percent contacting services in the final week, roughly double the control rate, most often in general practice. Opportunity for intervention exists; the question is what happens inside those contacts."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Family courts are biased against fathers, and the Strasbourg case law proves it.",
   "why": "Banned motive claim and the case law does not support it. Every verified conviction (Kuppinger, Ribic, Strumia, Improta, Terna) rests on the state's failure to enforce contact swiftly and effectively under Article 8 positive obligations; no judgment in this line contains a finding of judicial bias against fathers. Where a discrimination complaint was actually raised alongside the enforcement complaint (Terna v. Italy, Article 14), the Court rejected it while still finding the enforcement violation. The provable line is enforcement failure, not motive."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Mothers win about 90 percent of custody cases because judges discriminate.",
   "why": "Unverifiable as stated. Figures of this kind conflate all residence arrangements (the large majority agreed by parents without adjudication) with the small contested fraction decided by courts. Most states do not publish contested-case outcome statistics broken down by parent sex, which is exactly the statistics gap the page documents; the ECtHR's own tables likewise publish no breakdown by applicant sex or case sub-type. A percentage that cannot be traced to published adjudicated-outcome data cannot be carried."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Parental alienation is a recognized diagnosis, endorsed by the WHO and by the European Court of Human Rights.",
   "why": "Fails on both limbs. WHO removed 'parental alienation' as an index term from ICD-11 in 2020, stating its inclusion for coding purposes 'will not contribute to valid or meaningful health statistics', and Parental Alienation Syndrome was not included in DSM-5. The ECtHR contact-enforcement judgments do not endorse any diagnosis; they hold states to enforcement obligations regardless of the label put on the obstruction. Third-party PDFs that headline Kuppinger as a 'parental alienation' ruling are advocacy framing, not the Court's language."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Equal shared parenting presumptions are the settled international direction of reform.",
   "why": "The reform record cuts both ways and the reversals must be carried. Australia repealed its presumption of equal shared parental responsibility (section 61DA, Family Law Act 1975) through the Family Law Amendment Act 2023, in force 6 May 2024. In England and Wales the government announced on 22 October 2025 the repeal of the parental involvement presumption in section 1(2A) of the Children Act 1989, with the repeal proceeding in legislation. A trend claim that omits these two reversals fails verification and would be the page's weakest point under attack."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Strasbourg requires states to give fathers 50/50 shared custody or a presumption of equal time.",
   "why": "No ECtHR judgment holds this. The Article 8 obligation verified in this line of cases is procedural and remedial: decide contact disputes swiftly, then enforce whatever the domestic courts ordered with adequate and effective measures, adequacy being judged by swiftness (Kuppinger paras 101-103, citing Hokkanen and Ignaccolo-Zenide). The substance of custody and time allocation stays within the state's margin of appreciation, and the same standard has been applied for mothers and a grandmother (Ignaccolo-Zenide, Terna)."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Mothers win 90 per cent of custody cases",
   "why": "Unverifiable and misleading. No jurisdiction examined (Norway, Denmark, Sweden, England and Wales) publishes court decision outcomes by parent sex. The 80 to 90 per cent style figures in circulation come from household surveys of where children live (SSB, SCB and equivalents), which overwhelmingly record private agreements that no court ever decided. Citing residence shares as court outcomes is exactly the conflation the page's statistics-gap argument exists to avoid."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Parental alienation syndrome is a recognised diagnosis",
   "why": "Fails verification. WHO removed parental alienation from the ICD-11 index in 2020, describing it as a judicial term whose inclusion would not contribute to valid health statistics, and it is not in DSM-5. Presenting it as settled medical science is an easy takedown and would contaminate the page's credibility. The observable phenomenon (contact refusal, enforcement failure) can be described without the contested diagnostic label."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Shared parenting presumptions are proven to benefit children",
   "why": "The causal claim fails on two grounds. First, the outcome literature shows small associations (d = 0.109 across 19 studies in Baude et al. 2016) confounded by selection: families who choose shared care have more money and less conflict. Second, the legislative record cuts the other way: Australia repealed its equal shared parental responsibility presumption (in force 6 May 2024) after it was misread as a right to equal time, and England and Wales announced repeal of the parental involvement presumption on 22 October 2025. A page that hides these reversals gets destroyed by anyone who knows them."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Courts routinely deny fathers contact",
   "why": "Contradicted where case files have been studied. The MoJ 2025 review found the most likely outcome of child arrangements cases in England and Wales was some form of involvement with both parents, generally unsupervised and face-to-face, and Harding and Newnham 2015 found fathers' contact applications overwhelmingly successful. The provable grievance is different and stronger: orders are made but compliance is weakly enforced, which is what the ECtHR convictions (Hokkanen, Ribic, Kuppinger) establish."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Australia's 2006 reform gave fathers equal time, and it worked until it was taken away.",
   "why": "Section 61DA presumed equal shared parental responsibility, meaning decision-making, never equal time; section 65DAA only required courts to consider equal time. The repeal record shows the equal-time misreading was itself part of the problem: the ALRC found the framework confusing, repetitive and commonly misunderstood, and that misunderstanding is among the stated reasons Parliament repealed it effective 6 May 2024. Citing the 2006 reform as a shared-care success without carrying the 2023 repeal fails verification and would be indefensible under attack."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Research proves shared custody causes better outcomes for children.",
   "why": "Causal overclaim. Every population comparison is observational: Nielsen's own abstract says JPC is 'linked to' better outcomes; Bergstrom's team states its design is cross-sectional and calls for longitudinal studies; Steinbach (2019) warns that self-selected, high-resource, low-conflict families dominate the samples and that the risks and benefits are not clear yet. The pooled effect is also small (d = 0.109 in Baude et al. 2016). The defensible sentence is: where studied, children in shared care do as well or better, as an association, with a small average effect."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Scandinavia gives separated fathers 50/50 by default; Denmark proves it.",
   "why": "False for Denmark. Shared residence (delt bopael) exists since 2019 only by parental agreement, can be revoked unilaterally, and per the peer-reviewed record 'cannot be established in court' (Sandberg 2023, Frontiers in Psychology). Danish courts can order joint legal custody, not equal living time. Denmark's growth in equal living arrangements (15 percent in 2009 to 41 percent in 2021) came overwhelmingly through private agreements, not court-imposed defaults."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "England and Wales has already repealed the parental involvement presumption.",
   "why": "Not yet true as of August 2026, so the page must say 'is repealing'. The government announced the repeal on 22 October 2025 and it sits as Clause 17 of the Courts and Tribunals Bill, which was still in Public Bill Committee on 23 April 2026; section 1(2A) Children Act 1989 remains in force until Royal Assent and commencement. Separately, framing this repeal as anti-father overreach fails verification: the MoJ review that drove it found unsupervised direct contact was the most likely order even in risk-of-harm cases, which undercuts the claim that English courts systematically exclude parents."
  },
  {
   "page": "familylaw.html",
   "claim": "Fatherlessness causes 63 percent of youth suicides (and the related percentage memes about runaways, dropouts and prisoners).",
   "why": "No traceable primary source. The figures circulate attributed to US federal agencies but cannot be located in any federal publication or peer-reviewed study, and no peer-reviewed work assigns a causal share of suicides to father absence; suicide is multicausal. Fails the campaign's rule that every figure needs a FACTS.md row and register entry."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Girls have outperformed boys in reading in every country in every PISA wave since 2000.",
   "why": "Scope error. In PISA 2022 the reading difference was not statistically significant in Chile and Costa Rica, so the all-country version fails for at least one wave. The defensible versions are: every wave on the OECD average since 2000, and every participating country and economy in PISA 2018 specifically."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "One in three Norwegian boys cannot read.",
   "why": "Definition error. The verified figure is that 34 percent of boys in Norway scored below Level 2 proficiency in PISA 2022. Below Level 2 means struggling with tasks such as identifying the main idea in a moderate-length text; it is not illiteracy, and the OECD never describes these students as unable to read."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "The reading gap means boys are more than a year of schooling behind girls.",
   "why": "Unsourced conversion. The OECD's PISA 2022 reporting does not convert score points into years of schooling, and the OECD has moved away from the old rule of thumb equating roughly 40 points with one school year because learning pace varies by country and age. No primary source states this claim."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Schools are designed against boys, which is why boys read worse.",
   "why": "Motive claim. PISA measures performance outcomes; it does not measure institutional intent, and no OECD publication attributes the reading gap to schools acting against boys. The campaign reports what was measured and published, never inferred motives."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Terrier (2020) found that gender-biased grading explains 21 percent of boys falling behind girls in mathematics during middle school.",
   "why": "Wrong version. The 21 percent figure is from the 2016 SSRN and IZA working paper abstract, which is still what Semantic Scholar, SSRN and several summaries serve. The published article in Economics of Education Review 77 (2020) states 6 percent for the same quantity, and the published abstract drops the sentence entirely. Pairing 21 percent with the journal citation fails an immediate check against the PDF."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Every study that compares blind and non-blind grading finds teachers marking boys down.",
   "why": "False as stated, and the easiest claim for an opponent to break. Hinnerich, Hoglin and Johannesson had 1,713 Swedish national language tests (autumn 2005 and spring 2006) rewritten and re-graded blind, and found no discrimination against boys: point estimate near zero with a 95 percent confidence interval of plus or minus 4.5 percent of the average non-blind grade (Economics of Education Review 30(4), 2011, 682-690). Terrier found no bias in French language grading in her main specification. Lavy and Sand (2018, Journal of Public Economics 167, 263-279) found Tel Aviv primary teachers' bias ran in both directions and helped whichever gender it favoured. The correct framing is that the gap appears in most but not all settings, and varies by country and subject."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Israeli teachers grade boys about a quarter of a standard deviation lower than girls.",
   "why": "Scope error. The 0.05 to 0.25 SD range in Lavy's introduction spans estimates across individual exams, not subjects. The nine subject-level coefficients actually printed in Table 2 run from 0.053 SD (literature) to 0.180 SD (English), with mathematics at 0.086. Quoting 0.25 as the headline or typical figure overstates the published table and would be caught on the first read of page 2090."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Teachers mark boys down because they are biased against boys, or because school is built against boys.",
   "why": "Motive claim, and none of these studies establish intent. Lavy writes only that teachers may inflate girls' scores \"consciously or unconsciously\". Protivinsky and Munich name gender differences in non-cognitive skills, in-class behaviour and homework entering the grade as the most plausible explanation. Terrier states explicitly that she cannot fully disentangle grading bias, biased evaluation methods and classroom behaviour. The defensible statement is about the measured gap between blind and non-blind scores, not about what anyone intended."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Norwegian universities and admission rules are designed to keep men out of the professions.",
   "why": "Motive claim with no source behind it, and the published record runs the other way. For admission 2026/2027 Samordna opptak awards men extra gender points on eight named programmes plus the professional psychology programme. Report what admission rules do and what the outcomes are, never what anyone intended."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Gender points (kjønnspoeng) in Norwegian admissions have only ever benefited women.",
   "why": "False against the published rule. Samordna opptak's list for admission 2026/2027 gives men 2 gender points on nursing at UiA and Lovisenberg, veterinary medicine and animal nursing at NMBU, child welfare studies at OsloMet, customs studies at UiS and bioengineering at UiT and NTNU, plus 1 gender point on the professional psychology programme at four universities."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Men are only 18.5 percent of those admitted to dentistry in Norway, 24.1 percent in psychology and 30.5 percent in medicine.",
   "why": "Scope not verifiable. These per-programme splits circulate from an interest-organisation page published July 2023 and updated June 2025, so the admission year they refer to is ambiguous, and they could not be matched to any published Samordna opptak or HK-dir table. Do not print until each number is tied to a named table with a stated admission year."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Women overtook men in Norwegian university enrolment in 1986.",
   "why": "No primary source found for a crossover year. SSB Statistikkbanken table 05576 on students in higher education starts in 2000, and Bufdir's overview only states that women were about 40 percent of students in the early 1970s and 60 percent by 2020. A precise year needs an SSB historical table before it can be published."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Boys are three to four times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with ADHD.",
   "why": "Scope error and stale population. The 4 to 1 and 9 to 1 ratios in circulation come from older international epidemiological and clinical samples, quoted in the Helsedirektoratet guideline as background, not from current national registry counts. Norway's Patient Register, via FHI, gives annual first-diagnosis incidence among 2 to 17 year olds in 2024 of 0.94 percent for boys and 0.68 percent for girls, about 1.4 to 1, and FHI states incidence is now higher among teenage girls than teenage boys. The old ratio misstates both the size and the direction of the current gap and would be corrected in one search."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Fewer than one in ten teachers in Norwegian primary schools is a man.",
   "why": "This is the kindergarten figure applied to schools. Bufdir records about 1 in 10 staff in Norwegian barnehager being men in 2022, and about 1 in 4 teachers in grunnskolen. SSB StatBank table 12065 gives 21,406 of 79,226 grunnskole teachers as men in 2025, 27 percent. Conflating barnehage with skole is the single most common error on this dimension and it hands opponents an easy correction."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Female teachers mark boys down because they dislike how boys behave.",
   "why": "Motive claim with no measuring instrument behind it. No statistics agency records teacher intent. Studies comparing blind test scores with teacher-set grades measure an outcome gap, not a reason for it, and do not establish who caused it or why. The campaign reports what institutions did, published, funded and measured, so this claim is out regardless of how often it is repeated."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Schools are designed to fail boys, which is why boys are suspended twice as often.",
   "why": "Two failures in one sentence. It asserts institutional intent, which no source supports, and it misstates the number: DfE 2024/25 records a suspension rate 1.5 times higher for boys (13.47 against 8.17 per 100 pupils) and a permanent exclusion rate just over twice as high (0.16 against 0.07). The suspension multiple and the exclusion multiple are different figures and are routinely swapped."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "UNESCO found boys behind in upper secondary in 73 countries and behind on upper secondary completion in 73 countries.",
   "why": "Scope error from reusing one number for two different findings. In the 2022 report, 73 is the count of countries where an upper secondary ENROLMENT gap runs against boys (versus 48 against girls). Separately, 73 is the number of countries that HAVE upper secondary completion data, of which 33 show disparities at boys' expense and 31 at girls'. Citing 73 as a completion finding misreads the source and is easily disproved."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "The Stoltenberg committee made 64 recommendations and the Norwegian government implemented none of them.",
   "why": "Two failures. No primary source states 64: the figure circulates in commentary and høringssvar, and NOU 2019:3 itself gives no total. And the blanket 'none' is false: the committee's national individual-level register recommendation was enacted through Prop. 131 L (2024-2025) and lovvedtak 69, adopted by the Storting on 27 May 2025. Cite documented per-recommendation outcomes instead of an unsourced count plus a sweeping negative."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "NOU 2019:3 projects that by 2040, 89 percent of women and 61 percent of men in the Norwegian workforce will hold higher education.",
   "why": "The report contradicts itself. The chapter 1 summary gives 89 percent of women against 61 percent of men; chapter 4 gives 87 percent against 61 percent and states the gap would be 26 percentage points, which is arithmetically consistent with 87, not 89. A hostile fact-checker reading both passages finds the discrepancy immediately. Do not cite the 89 figure."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "England's February 2021 guidance letter told the Office for Students to focus on 'white working-class boys'.",
   "why": "Misquote. The letter's actual wording is 'white boys on free school meals', a narrower and measurable category. 'White working-class boys' is the Government's later paraphrase in its October 2021 response to the Education Committee (CP 524), not the text of the direction itself. Quoting the paraphrase as the letter's words invites a correction that discredits the surrounding claims."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Young men are more likely than young women to be NEET.",
   "why": "False at EU level and the direction is reversed. Eurostat, reference year 2025, ages 15 to 29, EU-27: 12.0 percent of young women were NEET against 9.9 percent of young men, a gap of 2.1 percentage points in the other direction. Eurostat's own section heading reads that young women are more likely to be NEET than young men, and attributes part of the gap to care responsibilities. The male disadvantage in this dimension is in early leaving and non-completion, not in the NEET headline, and conflating the two would be caught immediately."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Boys drop out at higher rates because schools are designed against them, or because teachers favour girls.",
   "why": "Motive claim with no source. Every figure gathered here measures outcomes, that is completion, attainment, dropout, unemployment, benefit receipt. None of Eurostat, SSB, OECD Education at a Glance or the OECD ABC report establishes institutional intent or teacher bias as the mechanism. The OECD ABC report itself points to behavioural differences such as homework time and reading, not to design intent. Asserting motive converts a checkable statistic into an unfalsifiable accusation."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Leaving school early drives young men to suicide.",
   "why": "No source in this evidence base states it. The quantified downstream outcomes that registry and OECD data support are unemployment, non-employment and disability pension receipt. Myhr et al. 2018 measured disability pension, not mortality. Presenting a dropout to suicide chain would be an unsourced causal leap, and the campaign covers male suicide separately with its own sources."
  },
  {
   "page": "education.html",
   "claim": "Only about two thirds of Norwegian boys finish upper secondary school.",
   "why": "Scope error. 67.5 percent is the share of male pupils in the 2019 cohort who completed within the normative time. SSB's completion measure allows five years for general studies and six for vocational programmes, and on that measure 78.3 percent of the men completed with a general or vocational qualification. Quoting the on-time figure as the completion figure overstates the gap by about 11 percentage points and would be corrected on sight."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "SVT's Könskriget proved that the state-funded Swedish shelter movement is a man-hating movement",
   "why": "The documentary's first part was itself found in breach of impartiality rules by Granskningsnämnden in March 2006 after a record 174 complaints; the provable core is the ROKS chair's own quoted words and her resignation, not a verdict on the movement."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Norwegian crisis shelters refuse men",
   "why": "Wrong in law: krisesenterlova (2009) paragraf 1 explicitly requires a comprehensive krisesentertilbod for 'kvinner, menn og barn'; the live and documentable disputes concern the quality and separation of the men's provision, not legal access."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The Norwegian government rejected Mannsutvalget's 35 measures",
   "why": "No documented rejection exists; what is documented is zero funded follow-up in the 2025 budget proposal (per commission member Are Saastad, Reform) and a stortingsmelding promised in November 2024. 'Shelved so far' is provable, 'rejected' is not."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Sweden bans or excludes all help for male victims of violence",
   "why": "Not provable: Jämställdhetsmyndigheten's own delmål 6 page acknowledges male victims, and the 2023 grant regulation (2022:257) widened eligibility beyond kvinno- och tjejjourer. The provable core is the 2015-2022 women-only grant regulation text and the naming of the national objective."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "LOKK (the Danish women's shelter federation) fought against men's crisis-centre rights",
   "why": "Could not be verified: LOKK's public communication treats the 2024 paragraf 109 change as historic and argues about professional standards, and its høringssvar PDF was not retrievable during checking. Unproven, do not use."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The UK still refuses a men's health strategy",
   "why": "Outdated: earlier ministers declined a dedicated strategy, but England announced and then published its first ever Men's Health Strategy (gov.uk, November 2025). Usable only as history with the reversal stated."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The European Women's Lobby has a formal position paper opposing shared parenting or shared custody for fathers",
   "why": "Searched the EWL's own position paper library and archives; found general positions on male violence against women but no formal paper opposing shared parenting, shared residence, or PACE Resolution 2079. Unprovable as stated; do not use."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The Red Pill was banned in Australia",
   "why": "No state ban ever existed. Individual private venues (Palace Kino Melbourne 2016, Dendy 2017) cancelled bookings after petitions, and the USU withdrew funding; other screenings, including at the University of Sydney in May 2017, went ahead. Provable core: venue cancellations under organised pressure, not a ban."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The University of South Australia banned or scrapped a male studies programme after a feminist campaign (2014)",
   "why": "Could not verify to the evidence bar in this pass: the traceable accounts are advocacy blogs (A Voice for Men, fighting4fair); original mainstream reporting could not be retrieved and the course's actual status and reasons are unclear. Exclude until primary sourcing is found."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The University of York banned International Men's Day",
   "why": "Overstated. The university cancelled its own planned marking of the day in 2015 after the open letter; nothing was banned, and a counter-petition with thousands of signatures followed. Use the provable core: cancellation of an institutional observance after organised opposition."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Warren Farrell's 2012 Toronto lecture was shut down",
   "why": "The lecture proceeded. Protesters blocked the doors, police cleared access, one person was arrested and released without charges. Provable core: physical disruption and blockade, not cancellation."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The SPLC designated the men's rights movement a hate movement",
   "why": "The SPLC's own 2012 clarification states it did not label MRAs a hate movement and that its report profiled a hard-line fringe of misogynistic websites; in 2018 it began tracking 'male supremacy' naming specific sites, still not the movement as such. Repeating the popular version invites an easy debunk."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Women's Aid opposes fathers having contact with their children",
   "why": "Not supported. Its documented campaign targeted the statutory presumption of parental involvement on child-safety grounds in domestic abuse cases, and the provision was gender-neutral on its face. Use the documented action (campaign against the specific statutory presumption, repeal announced October 2025) and state their rationale alongside it."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Teachers, nurses and psychiatrists openly hate young boys",
   "why": "Motive claim with no documentary support; the provable record is statistical grading gaps, detection gaps and perception gaps, which the exhibits cover without asserting hatred."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Every blind-grading study shows bias against boys",
   "why": "False. The Swedish field experiment by Tyrefors Hinnerich, Hoglin and Johannesson (Economics of Education Review, 2011) regraded the same Swedish-language essays blind and found a discrimination effect near zero (95 percent CI plus or minus 4.5 percent). The Swedish evidence is mixed by subject and method (Berg et al. 2020 found bias in maths). Publishing this null result is what makes the rest credible."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The APA declared masculinity a mental disorder",
   "why": "False. The 2018 guidelines describe traditional masculinity ideology as harmful in its influence on health and behaviour; they classify no disorder. Use the accurate framing plus the peer-reviewed critique instead."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The public laughs at male victims of domestic violence (ManKind Initiative street experiment)",
   "why": "The 2014 ManKind video is an advocacy-produced staged ad, not research, and cannot survive fact-checking as evidence. The peer-reviewed record (Seelau and Seelau 2005) supports 'judged less serious, less intervention', not laughter."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Female teachers are the ones marking boys down",
   "why": "Not established. The blind-grading experiments identify bias without attributing it to teacher gender, and the one Swedish university study where graders were mostly male found grading bias against women (Jansson and Tyrefors, IFN Working Paper 1226, 2018). Blaming female teachers specifically is unsupported."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Boys are deliberately drugged into compliance via ADHD diagnoses",
   "why": "Intent is unprovable. The provable core, cited in the APA guidelines themselves, is Bruchmuller, Margraf and Schneider (2012): clinicians' gender-role stereotypes about boys' externalizing behaviour may explain disproportionate ADHD diagnosis of boys. Report the diagnostic skew, not a plot."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Norwegian teachers give boys lower grades for identical work",
   "why": "No Norwegian blind-grading replication was found. The Stoltenberg committee (NOU 2019:3, regjeringen.no) documents grade gaps and dropout gaps for Norwegian boys but does not demonstrate identical-work grading bias; use the Swedish, French, Israeli and US studies plus the OECD finding instead, and say plainly that a Norwegian replication is missing."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Men's-issues accounts and hashtags are shadow banned on Instagram, TikTok or X",
   "why": "No platform transparency report, leaked guideline, court record or audit documents topic-level suppression of men's-issues content; falling-engagement screenshots are not evidence of anything."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Research proves platforms suppress men's content",
   "why": "No peer-reviewed audit of moderation bias against men's-issues content exists; the published research runs the other way (UCL/ASCL 'Safer Scrolling', 2024, found TikTok's algorithm quadrupled misogynistic content served to teen-boy test accounts in five days)."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "International Men's Day and men's mental health hashtags get algorithmically buried",
   "why": "Trending and recommendation systems are opaque and no audit or disclosure documents this; unprovable either way."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "A digital-services regulator or ombudsman has ruled against a platform over men's-issues content",
   "why": "Searched EU DSA dispute-settlement coverage and national cases; no such ruling found anywhere as of August 2026."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Meta's Oversight Board confirmed bias against men's content",
   "why": "No Oversight Board case involves men's-issues content; its wrongful-removal rulings in the gender space concern transgender and lesbian content."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Amnesty International UK refused to host the 2016 men's issues conference",
   "why": "Sourced only to advocacy blogs (J4MB, A Voice for Men); no independent confirmation found, so it fails the evidence bar."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The SPLC declared the men's rights movement a hate movement",
   "why": "Overreach: the SPLC's 2018 'male supremacy' category listed two specific websites (A Voice for Men, Return of Kings), not the movement or its mainstream organisations."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Prostate cancer research is starved of money to fund breast cancer, proving anti-male bias in medicine.",
   "why": "The standard peer-reviewed analysis (Carter and Nguyen, BMC Public Health 2012) shows breast cancer did get more NCI money in absolute terms (631.2M vs 300.5M dollars, roughly 15,700 vs 9,400 per death), but BOTH were among the three most overfunded cancers relative to years of life lost, and a 2026 reanalysis even puts prostate above breast per death. A real absolute gap exists, but 'neglected men's cancer' does not survive fact-checking."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "AI is programmed to hate men.",
   "why": "Motive claim, unprovable and unnecessary. The provable core is measured output asymmetries in controlled gender-swap audits, including in an AI lab's audit of its own model. Characterise the measurements, not the intent."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "ChatGPT will always joke about men but never about women.",
   "why": "As an absolute it is false: the 2025 multi-model refusal audit found GPT-4o specifically showed no statistically significant gender refusal gap. The provable core is the cross-model pattern in which men are among the least-protected categories in guardrail audits."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "The NIH spends nothing on men's health.",
   "why": "False; NIH funds male-specific disease research at scale. The provable core is the institutional asymmetry: a statutory Office of Research on Women's Health since 1990 and no male counterpart despite bills introduced since 2000."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Feminist organisations lobbied the US men's health office bills to death.",
   "why": "No consultation responses, hearing testimony, or lobbying records opposing these bills were found. The bills died in committee without recorded opposition or a floor vote. Claim the documented outcome, not an undocumented culprit."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "Medical AI systematically deprioritises men.",
   "why": "Evidence is mixed and task-dependent; a 2025 LSE audit of care-planning models found women's needs downplayed. The defensible claims in this space are the specific violence-vignette and guardrail asymmetries, not a general medical-AI bias against men."
  },
  {
   "page": "resistance.html",
   "claim": "A Swedish AI study proved models rate harassment of women as worse than identical harassment of men.",
   "why": "Circulates with attribution to Lund University researchers, but no such published study could be located and verified. Use the verified IPV-vignette and sentencing studies instead."
  }
 ]
}